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Lightbown Patsy M. - How Languages are Learned

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Lightbown Patsy M. How Languages are Learned
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How Languages are Learned Fourth edition Also published in Oxford Handbooks - photo 1
How Languages are Learned
Fourth edition

Also published in

Oxford Handbooks for Language Teachers

Teaching American English Pronunciation

Peter Avery and Susan Ehrlich

Designing and Analyzing Language Tests

Nathan T. Carr

ESOL: A Critical Guide

Melanie Cooke and James Simpson

Success in English Teaching

Paul Davies and Eric Pearse

Doing Second Language Research

James Dean Brown and Theodore S. Rodgers

From Experience to Knowledge

Julian Edge and Sue Garton

Teaching Business English

Mark Ellis and Christine Johnson

Intercultural Business Communication

Robert Gibson

Teaching and Learning in the Language Classroom

Tricia Hedge

Teaching Second Language Reading

Thom Hudson

Teaching English Overseas: An Introduction

Sandra Lee McKay

Teaching English as an International Language

Sandra Lee McKay

Communication in the Language Classroom

Tony Lynch

Teaching Second Language Listening

Tony Lynch

Teaching Young Language Learners

Annamaria Pinter

The Oxford ESOL Handbook

Philida Schellekens

Exploring Learner Language

Elaine Tarone and Bonnie Swierzbin

Teaching the Pronunciation of English as a Lingua Franca

Robin Walker

Doing Task-based Teaching

Jane Willis and Dave Willis

Explaining English Grammar

George Yule

How Languages
are Learned

Fourth edition

Patsy M. Lightbown and Nina Spada

How Languages are Learned - image 2

How Languages are Learned - image 3

Great Clarendon Street, Oxford, OX 2 6 DP ,
United Kingdom

Oxford University Press is a department of the University of Oxford. It furthers the Universitys objective of excellence in research, scholarship, and education by publishing worldwide. Oxford is a registered trade mark of Oxford University Press in the UK and in certain other countries

Oxford University Press 2013

The moral rights of the author have been asserted

First published in 2013

2017 2016 2015 2014 2013

10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1

All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, without the prior permission in writing of Oxford University Press, or as expressly permitted by law, by licence or under terms agreed with the appropriate reprographics rights organization. Enquiries concerning reproduction outside the scope of the above should be sent to the ELT Rights Department, Oxford University Press, at the address above

You must not circulate this work in any other form and you must impose this same condition on any acquirer

Links to third party websites are provided by Oxford in good faith and for information only. Oxford disclaims any responsibility for the materials contained in any third party website referenced in this work

Photocopying

The Publisher grants permission for the photocopying of those pages marked photocopiable according to the following conditions. Individual purchasers may make copies for their own use or for use by classes that they teach. School purchasers may make copies for use by staff and students, but this permission does not extend to additional schools or branches

Under no circumstances may any part of this book be photocopied for resale

ISBN: 978 0 19 454126 8

Printed in China

This book is printed on paper from certified and well-managed sources.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

The authors and publisher are grateful to those who have given permission to reproduce the following extracts and adaptations of copyright material: p.17 Extract from Language Development and Language Disorders by Lois Bloom and Margaret Lahey (1978). Macmillan Publishers; p.47 Figure from Some issues relating to the Monitor Model by Stephen Krashen, On TESOL (1977). Reprinted by permission of TESOL International Association; p.49 Extract from Constructing an acquisition-based procedure for second language assessment by Manfred Pienemann, Malcolm Johnston, and Geoff Brindley in Studies in Second Language Acquisition, Volume 10/2, pp.21743 (1988). Reproduced by permission of Cambridge University Press; p. 53 Extract from Speeding up acquisition of his/her: Explicit L1/L2 contracts help in Second Language Acquisition and the Younger Learner: Childs Play? by Joanna White (2008) pp.193228. With kind permission of John Benjamins Publishing Company, Amsterdam/Philadelphia; p.54 Extract from Second language instruction does make a difference by Catherine Doughty in Studies in Second Language Acquisition, Volume 13/4, pp.43169 (1991). Reproduced by permission of Cambridge University Press; p. 136 Reprinted from International Journal of Educational Research, Volume 37 by Merrill Swain and Sharon Lapkin Talking it through: two French immersion learners response to reformulations pp.285304 (2002) with permission from Elsevier; p.139 Extract from Corrective feedback and learner uptake by Roy Lyster and Leila Ranta in Studies in Second Language Acquisition, Volume 19/1 pp.3766 (1997). Reproduced by permission of Cambridge University Press.

Cartoons by: Sophie Grillet Oxford University Press 1993, 2005, and 2012.

To the teachers and students from whom
we have learned so much

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

We wish first to thank the readers who responded so positively to the earlier editions of this book. With each edition, we have benefited from suggestions and feedback offered by colleagues and students. Our thanks to Ahlem Ammar, Alexander Ary, Philippa Bell, Luz Celaya, Laura Collins, Maria Frhlich, Randall Halter, Zhaohong Han, Marlise Horst, Jim Hu, Phillip Hubbard, Youjin Kim, Roy Lyster, Alison Mackey, Kim McDonough, Shawn Loewen, Paul Meara, Imma Miralpeix, Vicki Murphy, Carmen Muoz, Heike Neumann, Howard Nicholas, Paul Quinn, Katherine Rehner, Mela Sarkar, Raquel Serrano, Younghee Sheen, Wataru Suzuki, and Yasuyo Tomita. Leila Ranta, and Jude Rand made essential contributions to the first edition.

At Oxford University Press, we owe a debt to Henry Widdowson for his early encouragement and to Cristina Whitecross, who was our editor for the first three editions. We are grateful to Catherine Kneafsey, Julia Bell, Hazel Geatches, and Ann Hunter who have worked with us through the development of this new edition. We thank the English Speaking Union for conferring the 1993 Duke of Edinburgh book prize for Applied Linguistics on the book.

PREFACE TO THE FOURTH EDITION

How Languages Are Learned (HLAL) started out as a series of professional development workshops for teachers in Quebec, Canada, where we both worked for many years. Three editions of the book have now travelled far from those origins. When we were working on the first edition in the 1980s and 1990s we were still in the early days of remarkable growth of research in second language acquisition. In updating the research for each new edition, the decisions about what to include have grown more difficult. Keeping the book to a reasonable length has often meant choosing between classics in the field and important new studies, of which there are now so many. In this edition, we have annotated some Suggestions for further reading at the end of each chapter. We encourage readers to follow these readings and the reference list to deepen their understanding of topics that we can only introduce here.

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