THAMARAI - OPTICAL COMMUNICATION & NETWORKING

2.5

Fiber bend loss

2.6

Mid-infrared and far-infrared transmission

2.7

Dispersion

2.8

Intramodal Dispersion

2.8.1 Material dispersion

2.8.2 Waveguide dispersion

2.9

Intermodal dispersion

2.9.1 Multimode step index fiber

2.9.2 Multimode graded index fiber

2.10

Overall fiber dispersion

2.10.1 Multimode fibers

2.10.2 Single-mode fibers

2.11

Polarization

2.11.1 Fiber birefringence

2.11.2 Polarization-maintaining fibers

2.12

Nonlinear effects

2.13

Fiber alignment and joint loss

2.13.1 Multimode fiber joints

2.13.2 Single-mode fiber joints

2.14 Fiber splices

2.14.1 Fusion splices

2.14.2 Mechanical splices

2.14.3 Multiple splices

2.15 Fiber connectors

2.15.1 Cylindrical ferrule connectors

2.15.2 Expanded beam connectors

2.16 Fiber coupler

2.16.1 Three- and four-port couplers

2.16.2 Star couplers

UNIT 3

SOURCES AND DETECTORS

83 - 104

3.1

Introduction

3.2

LEDs

3.3

LED Structures

3.3.1 Surface emitter LEDs

3.3.2 Edge emitter LEDs

3.4

The Semiconductor Injection Laser

3.4.1 Stripe geometry

3.5

Injection Laser Structures

3.5.1 Gain-guided lasers

3.5.2 Index-guided lasers

3.5.3 Quantum-well lasers

3.6

Optical Detectors

3.6.1 PIN Photo detectors

3.6.2 Avalanche photodiodes

3.7

Photodetector Noise & S/N

3.7.1 Signal Calculation:

3.7.2 S/N Calculation:

3.8

Photodetector Response Time

UNIT 4

FIBER OPTIC RECEIVER AND MEASUREMENTS

105 - 141

4.1

Fundamental Receiver Operation

4.1.1 Optical Receiver Operation

4.1.2 Error Sources

4.2

Receiver Configuration

4.3

Probability of Error

4.4

Quantum Limit

4.5

Pre-Amplifiers

4.5.1 Low Impedance Preamplifiers

4.5.2 High Impedance Preamplifier

4.6

Fiber attenuation measurements

4.6.1 Total fiber attenuation

4.6.2 Fiber absorption loss measurement

4.6.3 Fiber scattering loss measurement

4.7

Fiber dispersion measurements

4.7.1 Time domain measurement

4.7.2 Frequency domain measurement

4.8

Fiber refractive index profile measurements

4.8.1 Interferometric methods

4.8.2 Near-field scanning method

4.9

Fiber cutoff wavelength measurements

4.10

Fiber numerical aperture measurements

4.11

Fiber diameter measurements

4.11.1 Outer diameter

4.11.2 Core diameter

UNIT 5

OPTICAL NETWORKS

142 - 171

SONET/SDH

5.1

Broadcast and select WDM Networks

5.2

5.2.1 Broadcast and select single hop network

5.2.2 Broadcast and select Multihop networks

5.2.3 The Shuffle Net Multihop Network

Wavelength Routed Networks

5.3

5.3.1 Optical Cross Connect

5.3.2 Performance Evaluation of Wavelength Conversion