Earl Boysen - Complete Electronics Self-Teaching Guide with Projects
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- Book:Complete Electronics Self-Teaching Guide with Projects
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For almost 30 years, this book has been a classic text for electronics enthusiasts. Now completely updated for todays technology, this latest version combines concepts, self-tests, and hands-on projects to offer you a completely repackaged and revised resource. This unique self-teaching guide features easy-to-understand explanations that are presented in a user-friendly format to help you learn the essentials you need to work with electronic circuits.
All you need is a general understanding of electronics concepts such as Ohms law and current flow, and an acquaintance with first-year algebra. The question-and-answer format, illustrative experiments, and self-tests at the end of each chapter make it easy for you to learn at your own speed.
- Boasts a companion website that includes more than twenty full-color, step-by-step projects
- Shares hands-on practice opportunities and conceptual background information to enhance your learning process
- Targets electronics enthusiasts who already have a basic knowledge of electronics but are interested in learning more about this fascinating topic on their own
- Features projects that work with the multimeter, breadboard, function generator, oscilloscope, bandpass filter, transistor amplifier, oscillator, rectifier, and more
Youre sure to get a charge out of the vast coverage included in Complete Electronics Self-Teaching Guide with Projects!
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Chapter 1
DC Review and Pre-Test
Electronics cannot be studied without first understanding the basics of electricity. This chapter is a review and pre-test on those aspects of direct current (DC) that apply to electronics. By no means does it cover the whole DC theory, but merely those topics that are essential to simple electronics.
This chapter reviews the following:
- Current flow
- Potential or voltage difference
- Ohm's law
- Resistors in series and parallel
- Power
- Small currents
- Resistance graphs
- Kirchhoff's Voltage Law
- Kirchhoff's Current Law
- Voltage and current dividers
- Switches
- Capacitor charging and discharging
- Capacitors in series and parallel
Electrical and electronic devices work because of an electric current.
What is an electric current?
An electric current is a flow of electric charge. The electric charge usually consists of negatively charged electrons. However, in semiconductors, there are also positive charge carriers called holes.
There are several methods that can be used to generate an electric current.
Write at least three ways an electron flow (or current) can be generated.
The following is a list of the most common ways to generate current:
- MagneticallyThis includes the induction of electrons in a wire rotating within a magnetic field. An example of this would be generators turned by water, wind, or steam, or the fan belt in a car.
- ChemicallyThis involves the electrochemical generation of electrons by reactions between chemicals and electrodes (as in batteries).
- Photovoltaic generation of electronsThis occurs when light strikes semiconductor crystals (as in solar cells).
Less common methods to generate an electric current include the following:
- Thermal generationThis uses temperature differences between thermocouple junctions. Thermal generation is used in generators on spacecrafts that are fueled by radioactive material.
- Electrochemical reactionThis occurs between hydrogen, oxygen, and electrodes (fuel cells).
- PiezoelectricalThis involves mechanical deformation of piezoelectric substances. For example, piezoelectric material in the heels of shoes power LEDs that light up when you walk.
Most of the simple examples in this book contain a battery as the voltage source. As such, the source provides a potential difference to a circuit that enables a current to flow. An electric current is a flow of electric charge. In the case of a battery, electrons are the electric charge, and they flow from the terminal that has an excess number of electrons to the terminal that has a deficiency of electrons. This flow takes place in any complete circuit that is connected to battery terminals. It is this difference in the charge that creates the potential difference in the battery. The electrons try to balance the difference.
Because electrons have a negative charge, they actually flow from the negative terminal and return to the positive terminal. This direction of flow is called electron flow. Most books, however, use current flow, which is in the opposite direction. It is referred to as conventional current flow, or simply current flow. In this book, the term conventional current flow is used in all circuits.
Later in this book, you see that many semiconductor devices have a symbol that contains an arrowhead pointing in the direction of conventional current flow.
Ohm's law states the fundamental relationship between voltage, current, and resistance.
What is the algebraic formula for Ohm's law? _____
This is the most basic equation in electricity, and you should know it well. Some electronics books state Ohm's law as E = IR. E and V are both symbols for voltage. This book uses V to indicate voltage. When V is used after a number in equations and circuit diagrams, it represents volts, the unit of measurement of voltage. Also, in this formula, resistance is the opposition to current flow. Larger resistance results in smaller current for any given voltage.
Use Ohm's law to find the answers in this problem.
What is the voltage for each combination of resistance and current values?
V = _____
V = _____
V = _____
V = _____
You can rearrange Ohm's law to calculate current values.
What is the current for each combination of voltage and resistance values?
I = _____
I = _____
I = _____
I = _____
You can rearrange Ohm's law to calculate resistance values.
What is the resistance for each combination of voltage and current values?
R = _____
R = _____
R = _____
R = _____
Work through these examples. In each case, two factors are given and you must find the third.
What are the missing values?
Resistors
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