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Sigmund Engel - The Elements of Child-Protection

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Excerpt from The Elements of Child-Protection During the latter half of the nineteenth century, the importance of child-protection gained a far wider recognition. The nineteenth century has been well named The Century of the Child. But there are reasons no less cogent for describing this century as The Century of Socialism, or The Century of Darwinism. The intimate interdependence of child-protection with Socialism and with Darwinism must on no account be overlooked. It was my own assurance of this twofold interdependence which led me to undertake the study of the whole system of child-protection from the joint out look of Socialism and of Darwinism. This book is an investigation of all the problems involved by child-protection from the standpoints of the modern socialist movement and of modern social science. My work makes no attempt to be either a Philosophy of Child-Protection or a Handbook of Child-Protection. For this reason it contains no definitions, it gives no history of child-protection, and attempts no detailed description of the institutions which exist for the purpose of child-protection in the various countries of the civilised world. In view of the almost incalculable bulk of the materials available in this field of study, I have been forced to content myself with a brief indication of my opinions in the various departments, without endeavouring to go into details. Obviously, therefore, those in need of detailed information will not find it in this book. About the Publisher Forgotten Books publishes hundreds of thousands of rare and classic books. Find more at www.forgottenbooks.com This book is a reproduction of an important historical work. Forgotten Books uses state-of-the-art technology to digitally reconstruct the work, preserving the original format whilst repairing imperfections present in the aged copy. In rare cases, an imperfection in the original, such as a blemish or missing page, may be replicated in our edition. We do, however, repair the vast majority of imperfections successfully; any imperfections that remain are intentionally left to preserve the state of such historical works.

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TRANSCRIBERS NOTE Footnote anchors are denoted by number and the footnotes - photo 1
TRANSCRIBERS NOTE
Footnote anchors are denoted by [number] , and the footnotes have been placed at the end of the book.
The change noted in the has been applied to the etext.
Some minor changes to the text are noted at the

ELEMENTS OF CHILD-PROTECTION


THE ELEMENTS OF
CHILD-PROTECTION

BY
SIGMUND ENGEL
DOCTOR OF LAWS AND OF POLITICS; OFFICIAL GUARDIAN AND ADVOCATE
IN BUDA-PESTH

TRANSLATED FROM THE GERMAN BY
DR. EDEN PAUL

NEW YORK
THE MACMILLAN COMPANY
1912

Printed by Ballantyne, Hanson & Co.
At the Ballantyne Press, Edinburgh

PREFACE
During the latter half of the nineteenth century, the importance of child-protection gained a far wider recognition.
The nineteenth century has been well named The Century of the Child. But there are reasons no less cogent for describing this century as The Century of Socialism, or The Century of Darwinism.
The intimate interdependence of child-protection with Socialism and with Darwinism must on no account be overlooked. It was my own assurance of this twofold interdependence which led me to undertake the study of the whole system of child-protection from the joint outlook of Socialism and of Darwinism. This book is an investigation of all the problems involved by child-protection from the standpoints of the modern socialist movement and of modern social science.
My work makes no attempt to be either a Philosophy of Child-Protection or a Handbook of Child-Protection. For this reason it contains no definitions, it gives no history of child-protection, and attempts no detailed description of the institutions which exist for the purpose of child-protection in the various countries of the civilised world.
In view of the almost incalculable bulk of the materials available in this field of study, I have been forced to content myself with a brief indication of my opinions in the various departments, without endeavouring to go into details. Obviously, therefore, those in need of detailed information will not find it in this book. My aim has rather been to effect a lucid presentation of all the problems of child-protection, than to attempt myself to supply the solution of all these problems.
If I have been successful in formulating the main problems of my subject, and if at the same time my discussions and the data I have supplied, enable the reader to draw his own conclusions in each case, my aim has been adequately fulfilled.

CONTENTS
PAGE
Preface
GENERAL PART
CHAPTER I
CERTAIN POPULATION PROBLEMS
Child-Protection and the Population QuestionFertility of the Lower ClassesThe Tendency of Evolution
CHAPTER II
STATISTICAL PROBLEMS OF POPULATION
Miscarriages, Premature Births, and Still-BirthsMortalityThe Productive Age and the Unproductive AgeClassification of the Population according to AgeThe Excess of WomenMarriageIllegitimate Sexual Relations
CHAPTER III
CHILD MORTALITY
Statistical DataCertain Contributory CausesThe Chief Causes of Infant MortalityThe Great Number of ChildrenChild Mortality in the TownsThe Effect of Housing ConditionsThe Effect of AgeTime of Birth, Seasons, and Meteorological Conditions
CHAPTER IV
THE QUALITY OF THE POPULATION; ARTIFICIAL SELECTION (EUGENICS) AND EDUCATION
Natural Selection and Artificial SelectionThe Interests of the Future GenerationInheritance and EducationNature of EducationCharacter of the ChildLimits of EducabilityThe Aim of EducationGood ExampleConfidence and LoveReward and PunishmentEducation by the ParentsEducation in different Social ClassesParents, School, EnvironmentThe Tendency of Evolution
CHAPTER V
PROS AND CONS OF CHILD-PROTECTION
IntroductoryObjections to Child-ProtectionObjections to the Care of FoundlingsDarwinism versus Poor-ReliefDarwinism versus Child-ProtectionThe Right ViewSocialism versus Poor-ReliefSocialism versus Child-ProtectionThe Right View
CHAPTER VI
THE EXECUTIVE INSTRUMENTS OF CHILD-PROTECTION
IntroductoryLocal Governing BodiesThe Community at largeThe Central GovernmentA Unified System of Laws for Child-ProtectionA Centralised Authority for Child-ProtectionPrivate and Official ActivitiesThe Medical ProfessionWomen

SPECIAL PART
A.Department of Civil Law and Individual Rights
CHAPTER I
MARRIAGE AND PARENTAL AUTHORITY
IntroductoryParental Authority and MarriageHistory of MarriageChild-Protection and the FamilyMaternal AuthorityFiduciary Character of Parental AuthorityThe Elementary Principles of State Interference with Parental Authority (the State as Over-Parent)
CHAPTER II
MARRIAGE AND HEREDITY
Heredity in GeneralInheritance of DiseasesIndividual DiseasesThe Age of the ParentsThe Marriage of Near KinDisease in the Parents from the Legal StandpointDivorceMarriage-Prohibitions in Past TimesProposed ReformsObjectionsThe Right ViewHow to Effect ReformsThe Tendency of Evolution
CHAPTER III
THE PROTECTION OF ILLEGITIMATE CHILDREN
The Legal Position of the Illegitimate ChildReasons for these Legal DisabilitiesAdvantages and Disadvantages of Illegitimate BirthAbortion, Premature Birth, Still-BirthChildbirth in Unmarried MothersCauses of the Great Mortality of Illegitimate ChildrenCriminality in the IllegitimateIllegitimacy and ProstitutionOccupation in Relation to IllegitimacyThe Different Classes of the IllegitimateIllegitimacy and Child-ProtectionThe Tendency of EvolutionA Radical Reform
CHAPTER IV
LIMITED POWERS OF MINORS, AND GUARDIANSHIP
Limited Powers of MinorsThe Tendency of EvolutionNature of GuardianshipGuardianship of Poor ChildrenGuardianship of Illegitimate ChildrenThe Defects of Individual GuardianshipNature of Official and Institutional GuardianshipAdvantages of Official and Institutional GuardianshipObjections to Collective and Institutional GuardianshipThese Objections AnsweredThe Tendency of EvolutionCertain Civil Laws which are of Importance in Relation to Child-Protection
B.Department of Local Administrative Activity
CHAPTER I
CHILD-PROTECTION BEFORE, DURING, AND IMMEDIATELY AFTER BIRTH
IntroductoryBefore BirthDuring BirthAfter BirthThe Insurance of MotherhoodThe Tendency of Evolution
CHAPTER II
INFANT-LIFE PROTECTION
IntroductoryAdvantages of the Natural Feeding of InfantsHistory of Artificial FeedingCauses of the Failure to SuckleWet-NursesCows MilkOther Methods of Artificial FeedingInstitutional Care of InfantsThe CrcheProposed ReformsRadical Solution of the Problem
CHAPTER III
THE CARE OF FOUNDLINGS, WET-NURSING, AND BABY-FARMING
TerminologyHistory of the Care of FoundlingsThe Latin System and the Germanic SystemSome Modern Methods for the Care of FoundlingsFoundling Hospitals, Wet-Nursing, and Baby FarmsInstitutional Care versus Family CareSupervision of Family CareSubsidiary Aims of the Care of FoundlingsThe Tendency of Evolution
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