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Hemant Jain - Problem Solving in Data Structures & Algorithms Using C++: Interview preparation guide

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Hemant Jain Problem Solving in Data Structures & Algorithms Using C++: Interview preparation guide
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Problem Solving in Data Structures & Algorithms Using C++: Interview preparation guide: summary, description and annotation

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This book is about the usage of data structures and algorithms in computer programming.
Designing an efficient algorithm to solve a computer science problem is a skill of Computer programmer. This is the skill which tech companies like Google, Amazon, Microsoft, Adobe and many others are looking for in an interview.
This book assumes that you are a C++ language developer. You are not an expert in C++ language, but you are well familiar with concepts of references, functions, arrays and recursion. In the start of this book, we will be revising the C++ language fundamentals that will be used throughout this book. We will be looking into some of the problems in arrays and recursion too.
Then in the coming chapter, we will be looking into complexity analysis. Then will look into the various data structures and their algorithms. We will be looking into a linked list, stack, queue, trees, heap, hash table and graphs. We will be looking into sorting, searching techniques.
Then we will be looking into algorithm analysis, we will be looking into brute force algorithms, greedy algorithms, divide and conquer algorithms, dynamic programming, reduction, and backtracking.
In the end, we will be looking into the system design that will give a systematic approach for solving the design problems in an Interview.

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Problem Solving in Data Structures& Algorithms Using C++ First Edition By Hemant Jain


ProblemsSolving in Data Structures & Algorithms Using C++ Hemant Jain Copyright 2016 by HEMANT JAIN. AllRight Reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced,distributed, or transmitted in any form or by any means, includingphotocopying, recording, or other electronic or mechanical methods, or by anyinformation storage and retrieval system without the prior written permissionof the author, except in the case of very brief quotations embodied in criticalreviews and certain other non-commercial uses permitted by copyright law.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT The author is verygrateful to GOD ALMIGHTY for his grace and blessing. Deepest gratitudefor the help and support of my brother Dr. Sumant Jain.

This book would nothave been possible without the support and encouragement he provided. I would like toexpress profound gratitude to my guide/ my friend Naveen Kaushik for hisinvaluable encouragement, supervision and useful suggestion throughout thisbook writing work. His support and continuous guidance enable me to complete mywork successfully. Last but notleast, I am thankful to Anil Berry and Others who helped me directly orindirectly in completing this book. Hemant Jain

Table ofContents
Chapter 0: Howto Use this Book
What this book is about
This book is about usage of data structuresand algorithms in computer programming. Data structures are the ways in whichdata is arranged in computers memory.

Algorithms are set of instructions tosolve some problem by manipulating these data structures. Designing an efficient algorithm to solve acomputer science problem is a skill of Computer programmer. This is the skillwhich tech companies like Google, Amazon, Microsoft, Facebook and manyothers are looking for in an interview. Once we are comfortable with aprogramming language, the next step is to learn how to write efficient algorithms. This book assumes that you are a C++language developer. You are not an expert in C++ language, but you are wellfamiliar with concepts of pointers, references, functions, arrays andrecursion.

At the start of this book, we will be revising the C++ languagefundamentals that will be used throughout this book. In the chapter 1 we willbe looking into some of the problems in arrays and recursion too. Then in the coming chapter we will belooking into Complexity Analysis. Followed by the various data structures andtheir algorithms. Will look into a Linked-List, Stack, Queue, Trees, Heap, Hash-Tableand Graphs. We will also be looking into Sorting, Searching techniques.

And we will be looking into algorithmanalysis of various algorithm techniques, such as Brute-Force algorithms,Greedy algorithms, Divide and Conquer algorithms, Dynamic Programming,Reduction and Back-Tracking. In the end, we will be looking into System Designthat will give a systematic approach to solve the design problems in an Interview.

Preparation Plans
Given the limitedtime you have before your next interview, it is important to have a solidpreparation plan. The preparation plan depends upon thetime and which companies you are planning to target. Below are thethree-preparation plan for 1 Month, 3 Month and 5 Month durations.
1Month Preparation Plans
Below is a list of topics and approximate time user need to take to finish these topics.

These are the most important chapters that must to be preparedbefore appearing for an interview. This plan should be used when you have asmall time before an interview. These chapters cover 90% of data structures andalgorithm interview questions. In this plan since we are reading about thevarious ADT and C++ collections in chapter 4 so we can use these datatypeeasily without knowing the internal details how they are implemented. Chapter 24 is for system design, you mustread this chapter if you are three or more years of experienced.

Summary
These are few preparation plans that can befollowed to complete this book there by preparing for the interview. It ishighly recommended that the user should read the problem statement first, thenhe should try to solve the problems by himself and then only he should lookinto the solution to find the approach of the book. Practicing more and moreproblems will increase your thinking capacity and you will be able to handlenew problems in an interview.

System design is a topic that is not asked muchfrom a fresher from college, but as you gain experience its importanceincrease. We will recommend practicing all the problems given in this book,then solve more and more problems from onlineresources like www.topcoder.com, www.careercup.com , www.geekforgeek.com etc.

Chapter1: Introduction - Programming Overview
Introduction
This chapter emphasizes on brush up of thefundamentals of the C++ Programming language. It will talk about variables, pointers,references, classes, loops, recursion, arrays etc. We assume that the reader isfamiliar with the syntax of the C++ programming language and knows the basicsof Object-Orientation. /* Multiple line comments. */ std::cout << "Hello, World!" << std::endl; return 0; } It is tradition to discuss a HelloWorldprogram in the start which will print the phrase Hello, World! to the outputscreen. */ std::cout << "Hello, World!" << std::endl; return 0; } It is tradition to discuss a HelloWorldprogram in the start which will print the phrase Hello, World! to the outputscreen.

So let us start discussing it. This is a small program but it containsmany common features of all the C++ programs. This program begins with #include : a. This tells the compiler that we are going touse the functions defined in iostream file. Cpplanguage provide a number of predefined files, which contain functions that arecommonly used by programmer. For example std::cout is defined inside iostreamfile which will be used to print Hello, World! to the output screen.

Next comes the method int main( int argc, char * argv[]): a. A method is a set of statements that areexecuted to give desire result. b. main() is aspecial method of a class this is the entry point of the application. c. The int keyword means that this methodis going to return an integer value in our case it is 0.

Next are the comments, which are forreadability of the program and are ignored by the compiler. a. A single line comment begins with twoforward slash // b. A multiline comment begins with /* andends with */. std::cout << "Hello, World!" << std::endl;, is a system provided operator(object)which will print Hello, World! to the standard output and will print nextline char in the end. In the end there is a return 0; which willgive return value to the caller of the main function.

Return statement is a wayto pass the return value to the caller of the function.

Object
An Object is an entity with stateand behavior. A cat, a dog, a bulb etc are all examples of objects. For examplea bulb have two states (on, off) and the two behaviors (turn on, turn off). Software objects are just like real worldobjects. They have state in the form of member variables called fields (isOn)and they expose behavior in the form of member functions called methods (turnon, turn off).

Hiding internal details (state) of the objectand allowing all the actions to be performed over the objects using methods isknown has data-encapsulation. A Class is a prototype (blueprint)of objects. An object is an instance of a class. Human is a class of livingbeing and a person named John is an instance of human class. Example 1.2: class Bulb { private : // Instance Variables bool isOn; public

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