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PHP 7 ZEND CERTIFICATION STUDY GUIDE: ace the zce 2017-php exam
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Beak / Andrew
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2018;2017
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Andrew Beak 2017

Andrew Beak PHP 7 Zend Certification Study Guide

1. PHP Basics

Andrew Beak 1

(1)

Grafham, Cambridgeshire, UK

Introduction

This chapter focuses on the nitty gritty details of PHP as a language. This is a big chapter and it covers one of the most important aspects of the exam. The best advice that I can give is not to skim over it. There are a lot of places where PHP has some peculiarities and even with a few years of experience you might not have encountered them all.

Basic Language Features

All statements in PHP must be terminated with a semicolon. An exception to this is if the statement happens to be the last statement before a closing tag.

Whitespace has no semantic meaning in PHP. There is no need to line code up, but most coding standards enforce this to improve code readability. Whitespace may not appear in the middle of function names, variable names, or keywords.

Multiple statements are allowed on a single line.

Code blocks are denoted by the brace symbols { } .

PHP language construct and function names are not case-sensitive, but variable and constant names are.

Andrew Beak 2017

Andrew Beak PHP 7 Zend Certification Study Guide

2. Functions

Andrew Beak 1

(1)

Grafham, Cambridgeshire, UK

Functions are packages of code that can be used to execute a sequence of instructions. Any valid code can be used inside a function, including calls to other functions and classes.

In PHP, function names are case insensitive and can be referenced before they are defined, unless they are defined in a conditional code block. Functions can be built-in, provided by an extension, or user-defined. Functions are distinct from language constructs.

Arguments

Arguments to a function, also known as parameters , allow you to pass values into the function scope. Arguments are passed as a comma-separated list and are evaluated left to right.

Argument Type Declarations

You can specify what type of variable may be passed as an argument.

This is useful because PHP is a loosely typed language and if you specify exactly what sort of variable you expect, then your function is going to be more reliable and your code easier to read. Another advantage is that giving type hints helps your IDE to give you more meaningful hints.

If your function is called and the variable passed is the incorrect type, then PHP 7 will raise a TypeError exception .

To specify the type of argument that you are expecting, you add the type name in front of the argument definition, like this:

Andrew Beak 2017

Andrew Beak PHP 7 Zend Certification Study Guide

3. Strings and Patterns

Andrew Beak 1

(1)

Grafham, Cambridgeshire, UK

PHP strings are a series of bytes and do not contain any information about how those bytes should be translated to characters.

PHP stores the length of the string along with its contents and does not rely on a terminating character to denote the end of the string. This helps to make strings binary safe, as null characters in the string will not cause confusion.

On 32-bit systems a string can be as large as 2 GB. There is no particular limit on how long a string may be on a 64-bit PHP system.

Declaring Strings

In PHP, strings may be declared either as simple type or complex type. The difference is that complex strings will be evaluated with respect to control characters and variables.

Simple strings are declared in 'single quote marks' while complex strings are declared in "double quote marks" .

In this example, the newline character is output after Hello Bob , but in the simple string, the literal characters are output.

Andrew Beak 2017

Andrew Beak PHP 7 Zend Certification Study Guide

4. Arrays

Andrew Beak 1

(1)

Grafham, Cambridgeshire, UK

In this chapter, we're going to be looking at PHP arrays. PHP arrays are implemented as an ordered map that associates values to keys. There are three types of array in PHP: indexed, associative, and multidimensional.

PHP has a lot of array functions that cover a great many common uses for functions. Before you write a function to operate on an array, you should first check if there is already one. They are implemented in C and so are going to be a lot faster than any function you could write in PHP to achieve the same result. The array manual page lists them in one place, and you should make sure that you study this page and each function's manual page.

This book would be too long to exhaustively list every function. Rather than duplicating this information, this chapter focuses on grouping and explaining some of these functions.

Declaring and Referencing Arrays

We will not dwell on what arrays are and will rather move straight onto the syntax used to declare arrays in PHP.

Arrays are created as a set of value-pairs that are separated by commas.

Andrew Beak 2017

Andrew Beak PHP 7 Zend Certification Study Guide

5. Object-Oriented PHP

Andrew Beak 1

(1)

Grafham, Cambridgeshire, UK

Object-oriented code runs slower than procedural code but makes it easier to model and manipulate complex data structures. PHP has supported object-oriented programming since version 3.0 and since then its object model has been extended and reformed extensively.

This book is not going to try to teach object-oriented programming but will rather focus on the PHP implementation. Its expected that you have at least some experience coding in PHP.

Tip

This is one of the three most important sections of your certification examination.

Declaring Classes and Instantiating Objects

Classes are declared using the class keyword.

Andrew Beak 2017

Andrew Beak PHP 7 Zend Certification Study Guide

6. Security

Andrew Beak 1

(1)

Grafham, Cambridgeshire, UK

Security is a major concern for web applications. Even major organizations such as the United Nations have been hacked using very simple security flaws.

Im of the opinion that there is no such thing as a completely secure system. My aim when securing an application is two-fold. First, I aim to make it take as long as possible for an attacker to gain access. My next aim is to minimize the value of any information they can retrieve. In other words, I never assume that my system is impenetrable and I always use defense in depth.

This reduces the feasibility of hacking my application for a hackerit will take a long time to get in, and when they do, they need to expend considerable effort to get any valuable information.

When you are being chased by a tiger you dont need to run faster than the tiger. You just need to run faster than the chap next to you.

Note

One of the major flaws in security is social engineering. A discussion of social engineering is not in scope for your Zend exam, but you must always remember that it is not just your code and servers that are entry points to your data.

Configuration

The best approach when configuring PHP is to make sure that you keep up to date with the releases and use the improvements they bring.

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