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Computer Networking and Cybersecurity

A Guide to Understanding Communications Systems, Internet Connections, and Network Security Along with Protection from Hacking and Cyber Security Threats

Copyright 2020

All Rights Reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced in any form without permission in writing from the author. Reviewers may quote brief passages in reviews.

Disclaimer: No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, mechanical or electronic, including photocopying or recording, or by any information storage and retrieval system, or transmitted by email without permission in writing from the publisher.

While all attempts have been made to verify the information provided in this publication, neither the author nor the publisher assumes any responsibility for errors, omissions or contrary interpretations of the subject matter herein.

This book is for entertainment purposes only. The views expressed are those of the author alone, and should not be taken as expert instruction or commands. The reader is responsible for his or her own actions.

Adherence to all applicable laws and regulations, including international, federal, state and local laws governing professional licensing, business practices, advertising and all other aspects of doing business in the US, Canada, UK or any other jurisdiction is the sole responsibility of the purchaser or reader.

Neither the author nor the publisher assumes any responsibility or liability whatsoever on the behalf of the purchaser or reader of these materials. Any perceived slight of any individual or organization is purely unintentional.

Contents

Part 1: Computer Networking

An All-in-One Beginner's Guide to Understanding Communications Systems, Network Security, Internet Connections, Cybersecurity and Hacking

Introduction

This book is a concoction of several computer topics that are relevant and popular in the modern age. Throughout this book, the reader will explore each topic with easy-to-understand terminology and analogies. The book starts with a descriptive and comprehensive insight into computer networking and then branches off to cover network security, network designing, and hacking. The delivery of topics is specifically designed to:

• Entertain the needs of the readers.
• Provide valuable insights into the world of computer networking in the modern era.
• Deliver elaborative yet to-the-point knowledge.

Once the computer networking portion of this book is finished, the reader will be greeted with the other topics in this all-in-one guide. In the ending section, there is an informative description of the kill-chain process in hacking. This topic is not only interesting but also informative and refers to the methods hackers employ when penetrating target systems and networks. So, buckle your seatbelts and enjoy the ride.

Chapter 1: Computer Networking Basics

In this chapter, we will explore the fundamentals and the very basic concepts of computer networking. By doing so, we will essentially lay a conceptual foundation for the reader. This will help increase the digestibility of the later discussed concepts and some technical details of computer networking.

Hence, this chapter will be primarily focused on emphasizing the basic details of computer networking and then steadily building upon the knowledge as you learn.

To start things off, we will go through a brief introduction of what computer networking actually is. Then we will delve deeper into the details solidifying the understanding of each concept that the reader will have successfully learned.

What is Modern Computer Networking?

The word networking describes a connection or set of connections between multiple objects. Similarly, computer networking refers to the interconnection of two or more computers together to allow for sharing resources. A network of computers can be established in a variety of environments, such as homes, offices, or even in large business organizations. Computer networking stretches even to the international scope where computers are connected through the Internet. A more subtle and easily observed example of computer networking is a printer or a scanner connected (wired or wireless) to the user's personal computer.

Since the fundamental purpose of computer networking is to interconnect different PCs, an interesting question arises; why do we need computer networking in the first place?

The answer to this is very simple. If a person wants to watch a movie, a video, or even a talk show, he can do so in two ways.

• By having a physical storage device that contains the content, viewable on his computer, or simply by hopping onto the Internet and accessing the website where he can find the content and view it directly from there.
• The latter approach involves computer networking. It enables the viewer to connect to a remote computer server that is the host of the website allowing the visitor to use its resources to view his favorite content. This is just a simple example of how computer networking benefits an average user.

The phenomenon of the Internet is a by-product of computer networking, and we all know what its like to spend a few days without the Internet. While we have discussed how big a deal computer networking is to a common person, it becomes even more important and crucial for big organizations and institutes such as hospitals, business companies, law enforcement departments, etc. These organizations rely on computer networking to:

• Efficiently establish an information channel through which the entire organization communicates the data being gathered and modified. Computer networking has a huge influence on not only the professional sector but also the business sector as well because, without a proper networking infrastructure, the respective industry would essentially just collapse.

Hence, to understand the importance and the very basic function of computer networking, note that computer networking is the very foundation of the Internet itself.

Transferring data from one place to another is the purpose of networking. Another important thing we have to know about any connection is how much data it can carry from one place to another. This capacity to carry data is called bandwidth . If a connection has a higher capacity bandwidth, it can carry more data within a specific time slot.

The rate at which a network can transfer data is measured in bits per second, which are abbreviated as Bps. Bps means how many bits a bandwidth can carry per second. In the modern age, computer technology and networking have come a long way; this bandwidth capacity is now measured in multiples of thousands. The different measures of data transfer speed are:

• Kilobytes - thousands of bits per second (Kbps)
• Megabytes - millions of bits per second, or thousands of Kilobytes per second (Mbps)
• Gigabytes - billions of bits per second, or thousands of Megabits per second (Gbps)

A closely related measurement you will also see in computer networking is hertz; it is the number of cycles being carried per second, in the same way hertz expresses the number of cycles per second in an alternating-current signal. Hertz is abbreviated as Hz and is used to measure the computational speed of a processor. This measurement is taken in multiples of thousands, and:

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