Raghu Prashanth - Internals of Python 3.x

My Grandparents
Late Sri.

G Sampath and Late G.S. SrirangammaLate Sri. S.R. Srinivasa Iyengar and
Smt Jayalakshmi Srinivasa IyengarMy beloved Parents
Sri. S. S. S.

Anuradha
Brother - Jayanth RFriends, Family and Well WishersSpecial dedication and credits to revered Guido Van Rossum and the team of contributors to CPython. This book is just an effort to summarize your hard work and dedication and to serve as an unofficial documentation to the source to help developers make better decisions.

Prashanth Raghu, graduated with Masters from National University of Singapore and Bachelors from PES Institute of Technology, Bangalore and has keen interest towards contributing to open source technologies. His interests lie in learning new technologies and their impact on developing scalable solutions. He currently works as a Staff Software Engineer at InMobi Technologies aiming to develop solutions at scale for the advertising domain. He has been pursuing Carnatic music initially under the tutelage of Sri. Vid.

S Venkatesh and currently under the guidance of Sri. Vid. H.S. Venugopal.

Rajat Joginder Singh has more than 5 years of work experience in the software industry, explicitly in the cloud application development domain using Python. He is currently working as a Backend Developer at SignEasy.

He has worked on Backend Development using frameworks such as Flask, Django and has knowledge on Dockerized applications.

This book would not have been possible without the infinite support of my family. First and foremost, my grandfather Mr. G. Sampath a leading advocate in Bangalore, India who led the baton in the Central Excise and Customs department to become one of the authorities on the subject matter in India. S. S.

Raghu also an advocate in the same subject matter. He was the one who pulled me out of extreme rough weather in my life and stood as a shining lighthouse amidst all storm. His everlasting smile is a great inspiration during all my endeavors. I would like to extend my greatest regards to my mother Mrs. S. Anuradha who has taken all the pain in life to support me during all my endeavors.

It would be incomplete if I did not mention the role of my brother Jayanth Raghu who stood like a ladder for me to climb to the top guiding me and supporting me at every step. I still remember the first day of the under graduation where he remarked , Python , Google (Brother, learn python well, it will help you get into Google - Original in Kannada). I would also like to thank my professors Dr. A. Srinivas, Prof. NS Kumar, Prof.

Ramamurthy Sreenath, Prof. Chidambara Kalamanji, Prof. Nagegowda KS, Prof. D Krupesha, Prof. Rajkumar Rangaswamy, Dr. Juergen Ehrensberger, Dr.Chan Mun Choon, Rajith Noojibial and Prof.

Nitin.V.Pujari. I would like to also mention my friends Umesh Rao, Pranav HU, Siddharth Goel, Veeresh Hiremath, Raveendra Pai, Praveen Raj, Praveen Poojari, Prashanth Rajendran and Rajeev Ravi, Younggun Kim, Sony Valdez, Matt Lebrun, Zorex Salvo who have been my prime pillars of support always. I would like to thank Elvis DSouza and Umair Z Ahmed who helped me to get into the world of Python. I would like to also thank everyone who helped me on the irc channel with all my doubts. Thanks to my mentors Kiran Hathwar, Hariom Srivastava, Kshitij Saxena, Rahul Bendre, Mr. Krishnakumar, Mr.

NS Nagaraja, Mr. Madhu Iyengar, Mr. Srinivas Thonse, Mr. Kurt Griffiths, Mr. Alejandro Cabrera, Mr. Fabio Percoco, Supreeth Kumar, Arun Das, Siva Ekambaram.

Thanks to my non-technical mentors Vid. S. Venkatesh and Vid. H.S. Venugopal who have been the guiding light in my life. I would like to also acknowledge the support of my cousins Tejaswini Pillai and Sunil Mudambi.

Sarve Bhavanthu Sukhinaha, Sarve Santhu Niramayaha, Sarve Bhadrani Pashyantu, Maa Kashchith Dukha Bhagbhaveth. Om Shanthi, Shanthi, Shanthihi. Om, May All become Happy, May All be Healthy (Free from Illness) May All See what is Auspicious, May no one Suffer in any way. Also incidentally I happened to start writing this book on International Day of Yoga and I would like to extend my humblest regards to all the great saints and philosophers of this country from whom great thoughts have emerged and spread to all over the world today. If anyone asks me why I am proud of my country I would always say India is the first country which spoke about looking inwards for happiness. I would like to extend my gratitude to Guido Van Rossum without whose hard work and sacrifice such a wonderful programming language would not have existed.

My gratitude also goes to the team at BPB Publications for being supportive enough and providing me enough time to complete the book. Lastly, thanks to Rajat Singh for the in-depth technical review of the book whose comments have helped shape the readability of the book.

Going through the source code of a project involves exhaustive efforts and no planned steps to going through the knowledge base. Understanding the source code provides clear and descriptive knowledge of the workings of the project helping better decision making in our day to day work. When I started the journey back in 2014 to understand the source code of python, there were very few materials available to help navigate the same prompting an idea to create an unofficial guide. The book begins with the basics of the language which are the base objects and expands to understand the objects built on top of the these base objects which are the base types (integer, float, string, etc.) to the iterable objects which are the lists, tuples and dictionaries.