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Reza Montasari - Artificial Intelligence and National Security

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Reza Montasari Artificial Intelligence and National Security

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This book explores national security uses for Artificial Intelligence (AI) in Western Democracies and its malicious use. This book also investigates the legal, political, ethical, moral, privacy and human rights implications of the national security uses of AI and the aforementioned democracies. It illustrates how artificial intelligence for national security purposes could threaten individuals most fundamental rights, and the use of AI in digital policing could undermine users human rights and privacy. In relation to its examination of the adversarial uses of AI, this book discusses how certain countries use AI to launch disinformation attacks by automating the creation of false or misleading information to subvert public discourse. With regards to the potential of AI for national security purposes, this book investigates how AI could be utilized in content moderation to counter violent extremism on social media platforms. It also discusses the current practices in using AI in managing Big Data Analytics demands.As a general-purpose, dual-use technology, AI can be deployed for both good and evil. The use of AI is increasingly becoming of paramount importance to the governments mission to keep their nations safe. However, the design, development and use of AI for national security poses a wide range of legal, ethical, moral and privacy challenges. This book analyses the implications of these challenges and offers solutions that can be mitigated or eradicated wherever possible.

Reza Montasari: author's other books


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Reza Montasari - Countering Cyberterrorism: The Confluence of Artificial Intelligence, Cyber Forensics and Digital Policing in US and UK National Cybersecurity (Advances in Information Security, 101)
Countering Cyberterrorism: The Confluence of Artificial Intelligence, Cyber Forensics and Digital Policing in US and UK National Cybersecurity (Advances in Information Security, 101)
Reza Montasari
Countering Cyberterrorism: The Confluence of Artificial Intelligence, Cyber Forensics and Digital Policing in US and UK National Cybersecurity (Advances in Information Security, 101)
Reza Montasari - Artificial Intelligence and National Security
Artificial Intelligence and National Security
Reza Montasari
Artificial Intelligence and National Security

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Book cover of Artificial Intelligence and National Security Editor Reza - photo 1
Book cover of Artificial Intelligence and National Security
Editor
Reza Montasari
Artificial Intelligence and National Security
Logo of the publisher Editor Reza Montasari School of Social Sciences - photo 2
Logo of the publisher
Editor
Reza Montasari
School of Social Sciences, Department of Criminology, Sociology and Social Policy, Swansea University, Swansea, UK
ISBN 978-3-031-06708-2 e-ISBN 978-3-031-06709-9
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-06709-9
The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2022
This work is subject to copyright. All rights are solely and exclusively licensed by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed.
The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use.
The publisher, the authors, and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, expressed or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made. The publisher remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

This Springer imprint is published by the registered company Springer Nature Switzerland AG

The registered company address is: Gewerbestrasse 11, 6330 Cham, Switzerland

Dedicated to my wife, Anna, without whose unfailing love and support I could not have completed this work.

Contents
Annie Benzie and Reza Montasari
Ocane Dieu and Reza Montasari
Vinden Wylde , Edmond Prakash , Chaminda Hewage and Jon Platts
Kate Gunton
Megan Thomas-Evans
Sarah Klingberg
Jim Seaman
Ellie Moggridge and Reza Montasari
Shasha Yu and Fiona Carroll
Megan Wilmot McIntyre and Reza Montasari
Sandra Smart-Akande , Joel Pinney , Chaminda Hewage , Imtiaz Khan and Thanuja Mallikarachchi
The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2022
R. Montasari (ed.) Artificial Intelligence and National Security https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-06709-9_1
Artificial Intelligence and the Spread of Mis- and Disinformation
Annie Benzie
(1)
Hillary Rodham Clinton School of Law, Swansea University, Swansea, UK
(2)
School of Social Sciences, Department of Criminology, Sociology and Social Policy, Swansea University, Swansea, UK
Annie Benzie (Corresponding author)
Email:
Reza Montasari
Email:
URL: http://www.swansea.ac.uk
Abstract

In a so-called post-truth era, research on the subject of the spread of mis- and disinformation is being widely explored across academic disciplines in order to further understand the phenomenon of how information is disseminated by not only humans but also the technology humans have created (Tandoc, Sociol Compass 13(9), 2019). As technology advances rapidly, it is more important than ever to reflect on the effects of the spread of both mis- and disinformation on individuals and wider society, as well as how the impacts can be mitigated to create a more secure online environment. This chapter aims to analyse the current literature surrounding the topic of artificial intelligence (AI) and the spread of mis- and disinformation, beginning with a look through the lens of the meaning of these terms, as well as the meaning of truth in a post-truth world. In particular, the use of software robots (bots) online is discussed to demonstrate the manipulation of information and common malicious intent beneath the surface of everyday technologies. Moreover, this chapter discusses why social media platforms are an ideal breeding ground for malicious technologies, the strategies employed by both human users and bots to further the spread of falsehoods within their own networks, and how human users further the reach of mis- and disinformation. It is hoped that the overview of both the threats caused by and the solutions achievable by AI technology and human users alike will further highlight the requirement for more progress in the area at a time when the spread of falsehoods online continues to be a source of deep concern for many. This chapter also calls into question the use of AI to combat issues arising from the use of advanced Machine Learning (ML) methods. Furthermore, this chapter offers a set of recommendations to help mitigate the risks, seeking to explore the role technology plays in a wider scenario in which ethical foundations of communities and democracies are increasingly being threatened.

Keywords
Artificial intelligence Misinformation Disinformation Social media National security Cyber threats ML Software robots
Introduction

The way that people communicate with each other has changed (Bakardjieva, ). This study was carried out with the aim of highlighting literature integral to this subject. The study adds to the existing body of research offering further insight into not only the manner in which mis- and disinformation is spread but also the challenges this presents. The study also focuses on ways in which the risks associated with widespread access to falsehoods may be mitigated. It is perhaps vital that we consider the challenges that modern technology has brought into the equation, in particular AI.

The remainder of this chapter is structured as follows. In Sect. further considers both the micro and macro impacts the spread of misinformation has on individuals and society as a whole. This includes a discussion on whether it is possible for disinformation to sway public opinion on such a scale as to conflict with democratic systems. Finally, ways in which the impact of widespread disinformation may be mitigated are considered, such as the introduction of a mass-collaboration model, increased education and focus on media literacy for users, as well as increasing the burden of responsibility of social media companies to find and employ effective solutions. Finally, after discussing recommendations for how to mitigate the risks of spreading falsehoods online, the synthesis of literature explored is concluded by providing final thoughts and considerations for the future, particularly in terms of research which would be of further benefit to the academic community.

Misinformation Versus Disinformation
2.1 Information and the Meaning of Truth in a Post-Truth World

The conversation around information is one which has been ongoing for several decades. It is often argued that untrue information does not qualify as information (Floridi, ).

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