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Jamie Munro - 50 Recipes for Programming Node.js

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Node.js Recipes are structured in a Cookbook format featuring recipes that contain problem statements and solutions. A detailed explanation follows each problem statement of the recipe. This is usually contained within the solution; however, an optional discussion section can often contain other useful information helping to demonstrate how the solution works.Node.js is built on Chromes V8 JavaScript Engine. Node.js is designed to build and execute applications using an event-driven, non-blocking Input/Output model attempting to make it lightweight and efficient. Node.js contains one of the largest open source package ecosystem using npm to create, install, and manage a variety of useful JavaScript packages that can easily be embedded into any Node application.

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50 Recipes for Programming Node.js
Volume 1
Organized by: Jamie Munro
This book is dedicated to the user's of StackOverFlow who have asked over 180,000 questions at the time this book was organized.
Preface
About the Book

Node.js is built on Chrome's V8 JavaScript Engine. Node.js is designed to build and execute applications using an event-driven, non-blocking Input/Output model attempting to make it lightweight and efficient. Node.js contains one of the largest open source package ecosystem using npm to create, install, and manage a variety of useful JavaScript packages that can easily be embedded into any Node application.

This book is structured in a Cookbook format featuring recipes that contain problem statements and solutions. A detailed explanation follows each problem statement of the recipe. This is usually contained within the solution; however, an optional discussion section can often contain other useful information helping to demonstrate how the solution works.

Prerequisites

To use the examples in this book, you will want to have a Node.js server up-and-running so you will be able to leverage the many samples contained within this book. I would suggest by visiting the Installing Node.js page where you can download and install the latest version for your operating system of choice.

How to contact

To comment or ask technical questions about this book, send an email to:

For thousands of more recipes, visit our online version of the site at Node.js Recipes.

Find us on Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/nodejsrecipes/

Find us on Twitter: https://twitter.com/nodejs_recipes

The Recipes
Managing lots of callback recursion in Nodejs
Problem

In Nodejs, there are virtually no blocking I/O operations. This means that almost all nodejs IO code involves many callbacks. This applies to reading and writing to/from databases, files, processes, etc. A typical example of this is the following:

var useFile = function(filename,callback){ posix.stat(filename).addCallback(function (stats) { posix.open(filename, process.O_RDONLY, 0666).addCallback(function (fd) { posix.read(fd, stats.size, 0).addCallback(function(contents){ callback(contents); }); }); });};...useFile("test.data",function(data){ // use data..});

I am anticipating writing code that will make many IO operations, so I expect to be writing many callbacks. I'm quite comfortable with using callbacks, but I'm worried about all the recursion. Am I in danger of running into too much recursion and blowing through a stack somewhere? If I make thousands of individual writes to my key-value store with thousands of callbacks, will my program eventually crash?

Am I misunderstanding or underestimating the impact? If not, is there a way to get around this while still using Nodejs' callback coding style?

Problem courtesy of: Maciek
Solution

None of the code you show is using recursion. When you call useFile it calls posix.stat(), which returns, and useFile terminates as it has run to completion. At some later time, when the call to posix.stat() has completed within the underlying system and the results are available, the callback function you added for that will be executed. That calls posix.open(), and then terminates as it has run to completion. Once the file has been successfully opened, the callback function for that will execute, calling posix.read(), and will then terminate as it, too, has run to completion. Finally, when the results of the read are available, the innermost function will be executed.

The important point is that each function runs to completion, as the calls to the posix.*() functions are non-blocking: that is, they return immediately, having caused some magic to be started off in the underlying system. So each of your functions terminates, and later an event will cause the next function to execute; but at no point is there any recursion.

The nested structure of the code can give one the impression that the stuff inside will have to finish before the stuff outside can get to its own end point. But in this style of asynchronous event-driven programming it makes more sense to see the nesting in terms of deeper => happens-later-than.

EDIT: Try adding some logging statements immediately before the end of each nested function; this will help to illustrate that the order in which they complete is from the outside inwards.

Solution courtesy of: NickFitz
Discussion

As with any JavaScript, it's possible to make recursive calls with Node.js. If you do run into recursion depth problems (as NickFitz points out, you don't seem to be in danger of that), you can often rewrite your code to use an interval timer instead.

Discussion courtesy of: Nosredna

Your stuff is fine. I do recursive calls in Express to follow HTTP redirects, but what your doing is "traversal" and not recursion

Discussion courtesy of: TJ Holowaychuk

Same example, with debug output added (see below for output):

usefile.js:

var sys = require("sys"), posix = require("posix");var useFile = function(filename,callback){ posix.stat(filename).addCallback(function (stats) { posix.open(filename, process.O_RDONLY, 0666).addCallback(function (fd) { posix.read(fd, stats.size, 0).addCallback(function(contents){ callback(contents); sys.debug("useFile callback returned"); }); sys.debug("read returned"); }); sys.debug("open returned"); }); sys.debug("stat returned");};useFile("usefile.js",function(){});

Output:

DEBUG: stat returnedDEBUG: open returnedDEBUG: read returnedDEBUG: useFile callback returned
Discussion courtesy of: Jeoff Wilks

You can try

http://github.com/creationix/do

or roll your own like I did. Never mind missing error handling for now (just ignore that) ;)

var sys = require('sys');var Simplifier = exports.Simplifier = function() {}Simplifier.prototype.execute = function(context, functions, finalFunction) { this.functions = functions; this.results = {}; this.finalFunction = finalFunction; this.totalNumberOfCallbacks = 0 this.context = context; var self = this; functions.forEach(function(f) { f(function() { self.totalNumberOfCallbacks = self.totalNumberOfCallbacks + 1; self.results[f] = Array.prototype.slice.call(arguments, 0); if(self.totalNumberOfCallbacks >= self.functions.length) { // Order the results by the calling order of the functions var finalResults = []; self.functions.forEach(function(f) { finalResults.push(self.results[f][0]); }) // Call the final function passing back all the collected results in the right order finalFunction.apply(self.context, finalResults); } }); });}

And a simple example using it

// Execute new simplifier.Simplifier().execute( // Context of execution self, // Array of processes to execute before doing final handling [function(callback) { db.collection('githubusers', function(err, collection) { collection.find({}, {limit:30}, function(err, cursor) { cursor.toArray(function(err, users) { callback(users); }) }); }); }, function(callback) { db.collection('githubprojects', function(err, collection) { collection.find({}, {limit:45, sort:[['watchers', -1]]}, function(err, cursor) { cursor.toArray(function(err, projects) { callback(projects); }) }); }); } ], // Handle the final result function(users, projects) { // Do something when ready });
Discussion courtesy of: christkv
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