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Mark Lutz - Python Pocket Reference: Python in Your Pocket

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This is the book to reach for when youre coding on the fly and need an answer now. Its an easy-to-use reference to the core language, with descriptions of commonly used modules and toolkits, and a guide to recent changes, new features, and upgraded built-ins - all updated to cover Python 3. X as well as version 2.6. Youll also quickly find exactly what you need with the handy index. Written by Mark Lutz - widely recognized as the worlds leading Python trainer - Python Pocket Reference, Fourth Edition, is the perfect companion to OReillys classic Python tutorials, also written by Mark: Learning Python and Programming Python. Built-in object types, including numbers, lists, dictionaries, and more Statements and syntax for creating and processing objects Functions and modules for structuring and reusing code Pythons object-oriented programming tools The exception-handling model Built-in functions, exceptions, and attributes Special operator overloading methods Widely used standard library modules and extensions Command-line options and development tools Python idioms and hints

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About the Author

Mark Lutz is the world leader in Python training, the author of Python's earliest and best-selling texts, and a pioneering figure in the Python community since 1992. He is also the author of O'Reilly's Programming Python, 3rd Edition and Python Pocket Reference, 3rd Edition. Mark began teaching Python classes in 1997, and has instructed more than 200 Python training sessions as of 2007. Mark also has BS and MS degrees in Computer Science and 25 years of software development experience.Whenever Mark gets a break from spreading the Python word, he leads an ordinary, average life with his kids in Colorado. Mark can be reached by email at , or on the web at http://www.rmi.net/~lutz.

Chapter 1. Python Pocket Reference
Introduction

Python is a general-purpose, object-oriented, and open source computer programming language. It is commonly used for both standalone programs and scripting applications in a wide variety of domains, by hundreds of thousands of developers.

Python is designed to optimize developer productivity, software quality, program portability, and component integration. Python programs run on most platforms in common use, including mainframes and supercomputers, Unix and Linux, Windows and Macintosh, Java and .NET, and more.

This pocket reference summarizes Python types and statements, special method names, built-in functions and exceptions, commonly used standard library modules, and other prominent Python tools. It is intended to serve as a concise reference tool for developers and is designed to be a companion to other books that provide tutorials, code examples, and other learning materials.

This fourth edition covers both Python versions 3.0 and 2.6, and later releases in the 3.X and 2.X lines. This edition is focused primarily on Python 3.0, but also documents differences in Python 2.6, and so applies to both versions. It has been thoroughly updated for recent language and library changes and expanded for new language tools and topics.

This edition also incorporates notes about prominent enhancements in the imminent Python 3.1 release, which is intended to subsume Python 3.0 (in this book, Python 3.0 generally refers to the language variations introduced by 3.0 but present in the entire 3.X line). Much of this edition applies to earlier Python releases as well, with the exception of recent language extensions.

Conventions

The following conventions are used in this book:

[]

Items in brackets are usually optional. The exceptions are those cases where brackets are part of Pythons syntax.

*

Something followed by an asterisk can be repeated zero or more times.

a|b

Items separated by a bar are often alternatives.

Italic

Used for filenames and URLs and to highlight new terms.

Constant width

Used for code, commands, and command-line options, and to indicate the names of modules, functions, attributes, variables, and methods.

Constant width italic

Used for replaceable parameter names in command syntax .

Using Code Examples

This book is here to help you get your job done. In general, you may use the code in this book in your programs and documentation. You do not need to contact us for permission unless youre reproducing a significant portion of the code. For example , writing a program that uses several chunks of code from this book does not require permission. Selling or distributing a CD-ROM of examples from OReilly books does require permission. Answering a question by citing this book and quoting example code does not require permission. Incorporating a significant amount of example code from this book into your products documentation does require permission.

We appreciate, but do not require, attribution. An attribution usually includes the title, author, publisher, and ISBN. For example: Python Pocket Reference , Fourth Edition, by Mark Lutz. Copyright 2010 Mark Lutz, 978-0-596-15808-8.

If you feel your use of code examples falls outside fair use or the permission given above, feel free to contact us at .

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Command-Line Options

Command lines are used to launch Python programs from a system shell prompt. Command-line options intended for Python itself appear before the specification of the program code to be run. Options intended for the code to be run appear after the program specification. Command lines have the following format:

python [option*] [ scriptfilename | -c command | -m module | - ] [arg*]
Python Options
-b

Issues warnings for calling str() with a bytes or bytearray object, and comparing a bytes or bytearray with a str. Option -bb issues errors instead.

-B

Do not write .pyc or .pyo byte-code files on imports.

-d

Turns on parser debugging output (for developers of the Python core).

-E

Ignores Python environment variables described ahead (such as PYTHONPATH).

-h

Prints help message and exit.

-i

Enters interactive mode after executing a script. Useful for postmortem debugging.

-O

Optimizes generated byte-code (create and use .pyo byte-code files). Currently yields a minor performance improvement .

-OO

Operates like -O, the previous option, but also removes docstrings from byte-code.

-s

Do not add the user site directory to the sys.path module search path.

-S

Do not imply import site on initialization.

-u

Forces stdout and stderr to be unbuffered and binary.

-v

Prints a message each time a module is initialized, showing the place from which it is loaded; repeats this flag for more verbose output.

-V

Prints Python version number and exit.

-Warg

Functions as warning control; arg takes the form action:message:category:module:lineno. See warnings module documentation in the Python Library Reference manual (available at http://www.python.org/doc/).

-x

Skips first line of source, allowing use of non-Unix forms of #!cmd.

Program Specification
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