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Simon St. Laurent - Introducing Elixir: Getting Started in Functional Programming

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Elixir is an excellent language if you want to learn about functional programming, and with this hands-on introduction, youll discover just how powerful and fun Elixir can be. This language combines the robust functional programming of Erlang with a syntax similar to Ruby, and includes powerful features for metaprogramming.

This book shows you how to write simple Elixir programs by teaching one skill at a time. Once you pick up pattern matching, process-oriented programming, and other concepts, youll understand why Elixir makes it easier to build concurrent and resilient programs that scale up and down with ease.

  • Get comfortable with IEx, Elixirs command line interface
  • Discover atoms, pattern matching, and guards: the foundations of your program structure
  • Delve into the heart of Elixir with recursion, strings, lists, and higher-order functions
  • Create processes, send messages among them, and apply pattern matching to incoming messages
  • Store and manipulate structured data with Erlang Term Storage and the Mnesia database
  • Build resilient applications with Erlangs Open Telecom Platform
  • Define macros with Elixirs metaprogramming tools

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Introducing Elixir
Simon St. Laurent
J. David Eisenberg
Preface

Elixir offers developers the functional power and concurrent resilience of Erlang, with friendlier syntax, libraries, and metaprogramming. Elixir compiles to Erlang byte code, and you can mix and match it with Erlang and Erlang tools. Despite a shared foundation, however, Elixir feels very different, perhaps more similar to Ruby than to Erlangs ancestor Prolog.

Introducing Elixir will give you a gentle guide to this powerful language.


Note

This release of Introducing Elixir covers version 1.0.0. We will update it as the language evolves. If you find mistakes or things that have broken, please let us know through the errata system.


Who This Book Is For

This book is mostly for people whove been programming in other languages but want to look around. Maybe youre being very practical, and a distributed model, with its resulting scale and resilience advantages, appeals to you. Maybe you want to see what this functional programming stuff is all about. Or maybe youre just going for a hike, taking your mind to a new place.

I suspect that functional programming is more approachable as a first language, before youve learned to program in other paradigms. However, getting started in Elixir sometimes even just installing it requires a fair amount of computing skill. If youre a complete newcomer to programming, welcome, but there will be a few challenges along the way.

Who This Book Is Not For

This book is not for people in a hurry to get things done.

If you already know Elixir, you dont likely need this book unless youre looking for a slow brush-up.

If you already know Erlang, this book will give you an opportunity to see how things are different, but odds are good that you understand the key structures.

If youre already familiar with functional languages, you may find the pacing of this gentle introduction hopelessly slow. Definitely feel welcome to jump to another book or online documentation that moves faster if you get bored.

What This Book Will Do For You

Youll learn to write simple Elixir programs. Youll understand why Elixir makes it easier to build resilient programs that can scale up and down with ease. Youll be able to read other Elixir resources that assume a fair amount of experience and make sense of them.

In more theoretical terms, youll get to know functional programming. Youll learn how to design programs around message passing and recursion, creating process-oriented programs focused more on data flow.

Most importantly, the gates to concurrent application development will be open. Though this introduction only gets you started using the incredible powers of OTP, that foundation can take you amazing places. Once youve mastered the syntax and learned about Elixirs expectations for structuring programs, your next steps should be creating reliable and scalable applications - with much less effort than you would have needed in other approaches!

How This Book Works

This book tries to tell a story with Elixir. Youll probably get the most out of it if you read it in order at least the first time, though youre always welcome to come back to find whatever bits and pieces you need.

Youll start by getting Elixir installed and running, and looking around its shell, IEx. Youll spend a lot of time in that shell, so get cozy. Next, youll start loading code into the shell to make it easier to write programs, and youll learn how to call that code and mix it up.

Youll take a close look at numbers because theyre an easy place to get familiar with Elixirs basic structures. Then youll learn about atoms, pattern matching, and guards the likely foundations of your program structure. After that youll learn about strings, lists, and the recursion at the heart of much Elixir processing. Once youve gone a few thousand recursions down and back, itll be time to look at processes, a key part of Elixir that relies on the message-passing model to support concurrency and resilience.

Once you have the foundation set, you can take a closer look at debugging and data storage, and then get a quick look at a toolset that is likely at the heart of your long-term development with Elixir: Erlangs Open Telecom Platform (OTP), which is about much much more than telephones.

Finally, youll learn about Elixirs macro tools, features that give Elixir tremendous flexibility by letting you extend the language.

Some people want to learn programming languages through a dictionary, smashing together a list of operators, control structures, and datatypes. Those lists are here, but theyre in , not the main flow of the book.

The main point you should get from this book is that you can program in Elixir. If you dont get that, let me know!

Other Resources

This book may not be the best way for you to learn Elixir. It all depends on what you want to learn and why. If youre looking for a faster-flying introduction to the language, Dave Thomas Programming Elixir (Pragmatic Publishers) jumps in faster and emphasizes Elixirs uniqueness more frequently.

If you like the pace of this book and want to try out your new knowledge, you might like tudes for Elixir (OReilly Media). That book provides descriptions of short programs that you can write in Elixir, and they may ask you stretch a bit beyond theexamples you find here. It is also designed so that its chapters are in parallel with this books chapters.

The other books in the field all cover Erlang, not Elixir. Hopefully there will be more Elixir-specific work soon. Elixir in Action (Manning) is getting underway. The main Elixir website includes a lot of tutorials, documentation, and links to other resources.

If your primary interest in learning Elixir is to break out of a programming rut, you should explore Bruce Tates wild tour of Seven Languages in Seven Weeks (Pragmatic Publishers), which explores Ruby, Io, Prolog, Scala, Erlang, Clojure, and Haskell. Erlang gets only (an excellent) 37 pages, but that might be what you want.

Erlang books can also help you understand what makes Elixir work so well.

For a simple introduction to Erlang that largely parallels this book, Introducing Erlang will get you started with Erlang and functional programming.

For an online experience (now also in print from No Starch Books) with more snark and funnier illustrations, you should explore Fred Heberts Learn You Some Erlang for Great Good! .

The two classic general books on Erlang are the similarly-titled Programming Erlang (Pragmatic Publishers) by Erlang creator Joe Armstrong, and Erlang Programming (OReilly) by Francesco Cesarini and Simon Thompson. They cover a lot of similar and overlapping terrain, and both may be good places to start if this book moves too slowly or you need more reference material. Erlang Programming goes further into what you can do with Erlang, whereas Programming Erlang provides a lot of detail on setting up an Erlang programming environment.

On the more advanced side, Erlang and OTP in Action (Manning) by Martin Logan, Eric Merritt, and Richard Carlsson, opens with a high-speed 72-page introduction to Erlang and then spends most of its time applying the Open Telecom Platform, Erlangs framework for building upgradeable and maintainable concurrent applications.

Designing for Scalability with Erlang/OTP (OReilly), by Francesco Cesarini and Steve Vinoski, explores how OTP and Erlang make things that seem hugely difficult in other environments a normal days work in Erlang.

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