Christopher Andrew - The Secret World: A History of Intelligence

The Henry L. Stimson Lectures at the Whitney and Betty MacMillan Center for International and Area Studies at Yale. First published 2018 in the United States by Yale University Press and in the United Kingdom by Penguin Books Ltd., London.

Copyright 2018 by Christopher Andrew.

All rights reserved.

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To Ben, Emily, Joe, Katy, Louis, Sam and Tommy

Integrated Illustrations

Plates

. Spies sent to scout the land of Canaan. Woodcut from the Cologne Bible, 147880. (Granger Collection/Alamy)

. Clay tablet from the Amarna Letters, inscribed in Babylonian cuneiform. (Copyright The Trustees of the British Museum)

. A Chinese bamboo copy of The Art of War. (Special Collections & University Archives, University of California, Riverside)

. A haruspex observing a liver of a sacred animal, Rome. (Falkensteinfoto/Alamy)

. Yaqub ibn Ishaq al-Kindi. (Art Directors & TRIP/Alamy)

. Pages from al-Kindis On Deciphering Crytopgraphic Messages containing frequency analysis. (Sleymaniye Ottoman Archive MS 4832)

. Letterbox on the wall of the Doges Palace, Venice, Italy

. The Doge Leonardo Loredan, by Giovanni Bellini. (Copyright The National Gallery, London/Scala, Florence)

. The Return of the Prodigal Son by Robusti Jacopo Tintoretto, Doges Palace, Venice, Italy. (Copyright Cameraphoto/Scala, Florence)

. Anonymous portrait of the famous Spanish conquistador Hernn Corts, eighteenth century. (Museum of the Royal Academy of Fine Arts of San Fernando, Madrid)

. Cortes meets Montezuma, from Homenaje a Cristobal Colon by Alfredo Chavero, 1892. (Copyright British Library Board/Bridgeman)

. Silver candlestick depicting Ivan the Terrible on horseback, c. seventeenth century. (Paul Fearn/Alamy)

. Still from Tsar, directed by Pavel Lungin, 2009.

. Sir Francis Walsingham, attributed to John De Critz the Elder, c. 1589. (Copyright National Portrait Gallery, London)

. The Family of Henry VIII: An Allegory of the Tudor Succession, by Lucas de Heere, c. 1572. (National Museum Wales/Bridgeman)

. Queen Elizabeth I by Isaac Oliver, c. 1600. (Hatfield House/Bridgeman)

. A Spy from Peruginos Nova Iconolgia, 1618. (Dr Cornelia Manegold)

. The Security Services all-seeing eye. (Service Archives)

. Wooden sculpture of a spy by Francesco Pianta, c. 16578. (Copyright Lessing Archive)

. Antoine Rossignol des Roches. (Copyright Chteau de Versailles, Dist. RMN-Grand Palais)

. Pre Joseph. (Bibliothque nationale de France, QB-201 (31)-FOL)

. The visit of Louis XIV to the Chteau de Juvisy by Pierre-Denis Martin, c. 1700. (Copyright Victoria and Albert Museum)

. John Wallis by David Loggan. (Scottish National Portrait Gallery, bequest of William Findlay Watson)

. Blue plaque commemorating John Thurloe, Secretary of State, 1652.

. John Thurloe by Thomas Ross, eighteenth century. (Copyright Image; Crown Copyright: UK Government Art Collection March 2014)

. Aphra Behn by Peter Lely, c. 1670. (Yale Center for British Art, bequest of Arthur D. Schlechter/Bridgeman)

. Tomb of Aphra Behn in Westminster Abbey.

. Attack on the Medway, by Pieter Cornelisz van Soest, c. 1667. (Copyright National Maritime Museum)

. King George I, studio of Sir Godfrey Kneller, based on a work of 1714. (Copyright National Portrait Gallery)

. Edward Willes by John Faber Jr, after Thomas Hudson, 1750. (Copyright National Portrait Gallery)

. Count Wenzel Anton Kaunitz by Jean-Etienne Liotard, 1762. (Private collection. Photograph Christies/Bridgeman)

. Charles Genevieve Louis Auguste Andr Timothe don de Beaumont, called the Chevalier don, by Thomas Stewart. (Private collection. Photograph Philip Mould/Bridgeman)

. George Washington as colonel of the Virginia Militia by Charles Wilson Peale, 1772. (Washington and Lee University)

. Surrender of Cornwallis at Yorktown by Nathaniel Currier. (Michele and Donald DAmour Museum of Fine Arts, Springfield, MA. Gift of Lenore B. and Sidney A. Alpert, supplemented with Museum Acquisition Funds. Photography by David Stansbury)

. Sir George Scovell by William Salter, 183440. (Copyright National Portrait Gallery)

. Russian postage stamp depicting Barclay de Tolly. (Personal collection of Andrew Krizhanovsky)

. The Congress of Vienna by Jean Godefroy, 1819. (Copyright RMN-Grand Palais/G. Blot

. Paul Pry at the Post Office, Punch, 1844. (Copyright Punch Ltd)

. Karl Marx in London, 1864. (AKG/Sputnik)

. Bomb attack on Scotland Yard, 1884.

. Thaddeus S. Lowe observing the battle from his balloon Intrepid, 1862. (Universal History Archive/UIG/Bridgeman)

. Leadership of the Okhrana at their headquarters in St Petersburg, 1905.

. Roman Malinovsky. (Paul Fearn/Alamy)

. Evno Azev, 1910.

. French President Raymond Poincar visiting Nicholas II in Russia, 1914. (Copyright Hulton-Deutsch/CORBIS/Getty)

. Dragutin Dimitrijevic, c. 1900.

. Dimitrijevic on trial, 1917.

. Franz von Papen, Washington D.C., 1914. (Copyright Hulton-Deutsch/CORBIS/Getty)

. Franz von Rintelen, Victoria Station, 1933. (AP/Topfoto)

. Black Tom Depot in Jersey City, NJ, shortly after the munitions explosion in 1916. (Buyenlarge/Getty)

. Sir William Reginald Hall by Walter Stoneman, 1917. (Copyright National Portrait Gallery)

. 1890s advertisement for Pears soap, including the portrait of Commander William Bubbles James by his grandfather Sir John Millais. (The Advertising Archives)

. Georges Painvin, c. 191118.

. General Allenbys entrance into Jerusalem through Jaffa Gate, 1917. (Frank & Frances Carpenter/Library of Congress)

. Vladimir Lenin in disguise, 1917. (AKG)

. Corpse of Sidney Reilly on private display in Lubyanka, 1925.

. Felix Dzerzhinsky with Joseph Stalin 1924. (ITAR-TASS News Agency/Alamy)

. Joseph Stalin and Nikolai Yezhov at the shore of the MoscowVolga Canal, 1937. (ITAR-TASS/Getty)

. Stalin without Yezhov. (AFP/GettyImages)

. Lavrenti Beria with Svetlana Stalin.

. Franklin D. Roosevelt aboard the Nourmahal, 1935. (National Archives and Records Administration, Washington D.C./Franklin D. Roosevelt Library Public Domain Photographs.)

. Purple diplomatic cipher machine. (Courtesy of the National Cryptologic Museum, Maryland)

. Enigma I. (Museo Nazionale della Scienza e della Tecnologia)

. US Army Signals Security Detachment, Brickhill Manor, c. 1942.

. Codebreaking at Bletchley Park, 1943. (SSPL/Getty)

. National leaders gather at the Yalta Conference, 1945. (Getty. (Inset) Alger Hiss. (Everett Collection/Alamy)

. George Abramovich Koval.

. President Putin toasts Koval at the atom spys posthumous Hero of Russia award, 2007. (Sovfoto/UIG/Getty)