Cohen - I dont know: in praise of admitting ignorance and doubt (except when you shouldnt)

L ets look at the prison piece, said the professor. What does the nut graph tell us?

Around me rose a soft rustle as other students rifled knowledgeably through the photocopied news stories wed been given at the start of class. I found the article on inmate crowding, but as I turned its pages, failed to spot anything that might fit the professors specification. I looked at first for something acorn-shaped, then for anything vaguely pictorial, but could find no pie chart, no bar graph, no pyramid diagramnary an illustration in the entire piece. I glanced around. Everyone else seemed to have managed the task; they sat absorbedly regarding their copies of the article while the professor continued, parsing the information apparently contained within this elusive nut graph. What page were they all on? I strained to see, but couldnt get an angle. How distinctly I remember growing damp then, my skin flocked with sweat.

I was twenty-two and in my first week of graduate school in journalism. I knew by their appearances that most of my classmates were older, just as I knew from the schools brochure, which promised to provide journalists a unique opportunity to hone and deepen their skills at any point in their careers, that many of them already had experience working in the field, whereas I had never so much as written for my college newspaper. But until the moment I searched in vain for the devilish little entity called a nut graph, Id been more thrilled than cowed, eagerly optimistic about joining their ranks.

Now I sat awash in shame. It wasnt the shame of incompetence so much as the shame of hubris. To think I had dared imagine I could be a journalist! I couldnt even keep up with the class in the very first week of instruction.

Did I raise my hand to ask for help? Turn to a neighbor with whispered appeal?

I did not. The cost felt too great. To confess my ignorance would be to expose my inadequacy; I would be cast off, dismissed from this world to which I craved entry. Such was my fear, and it was powerful enough to make stewing in the solitary confinement of my shame seem a preferable alternative.

In time I would learn that nut graph is, in fact, nut graf (graf being journalism slang for paragraph) and refers to that part of an article, usually following the lead, that gives a condensed overview of its news value. In time I would discover that I was, after all, up to the task of successfully completing the course of study. In time, as I incrementally proved my worth to myself and others, I would even find the courage to speak up, on occasion, when I came across something I did not understand.

But the memory of that first class more than two decades ago remains uncomfortably sharp. Its residue of fear and shame has never entirely dissipated. And I still sometimes struggle with saying I dont know.

F akery is a vital currency in our social intercourse. Thats not necessarily all bad. A lot of the time we pretend as a way of fortifying or easing connections. When we feign recognition, for example, or delight in seeing someone, or gladness to go out of our way, these are acts of goodwill. At best, pretense can be a form of kindness.

But the benign desire to spare ourselves and others embarrassment or disappointment or pain can lead to actions that engender greater falsehood, promulgate more fear. How easily we fall into the pattern of using deception as a shield against feeling uncomfortable. At worst, it can breed a habit of shirking responsibility and avoiding vulnerabilitybehaviors that ultimately distance us from the very prizes we crave: true connection with others and integrity within ourselves.

This book looks at two kinds of pretending: pretending to know stuff we dont, and pretending not to know stuff we dofor just as we might avoid saying I dont know for fear of being ridiculed or rejected, the flip can also be true: Sometimes we pretend ignorance of things we think might lower our cachet, whether to prove our membership in highbrow culture (Whats a Kardashian?) or to accommodate social pressures (as so many women of my mothers generation were warned, Boys arent attracted to smart girls).

This book also looks at two kinds of fear: fear of estrangement and fear of stepping into the abyssfor as much as we might worry that saying I dont know could cost us the human company we desire, evict us from our place around the hearth, theres an even more primal fear associated with not knowing: that our inability to comprehend the universe might threaten our very survival. Our efforts to compensate for both social and psychic fears manifest in some pretty interesting ways.

Finally, this book looks at two kinds of hope: that which comes from opening ourselves up to a greater understanding of the world and ourselves and that which comes from making peace with all that must, in the end, remain unknown.

I n August 2012, Harvard University announced it was investigating allegations that approximately 125 undergraduates taking an Introduction to Congress class had cheated on the take-home final the previous spring. In December 2012, the investigation concluded with more than half those students being forced to withdraw. The dean of undergraduate education described the case as unprecedented in its scope and magnitude. The press quickly dubbed it the Harvard cheating scandal.

A scandal is something that causes outrage and shock, reactions which in this case were likely exacerbated by a perceived discrepancy between the actors and the behavior. Those who succumbed to the temptation to cheat had already gained admittance to one of the most elite educational institutions in the world. The subtext of much of the resultant furor seemed to be, But you guys are already in. You guys have it made. Of all people, why would