Table of Contents
Mark Kramer and Wendy Call dedicate this book to their families, Susan, Will, and Eli, and to Aram, Marilyn, Douglas, Alan, and Kate, respectively.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
Mark Kramer and Wendy Call give their deepest thanks to the many people who made this book possible and to the organizations that supported it. All fifty-one contributors generously donated their precious words and then their help and patience through many rounds of edits. Jina Moore read the entire manuscript, asked sharp questions, kept track of countless pieces of paper, and made this a much better book. Buck Ewing and Mary-Helena McInerney recorded and transcribed more than half a million words. Geri Thoma always had cool and calm advice. The entire Nieman Narrative teamLisa Birk, Jenny Davis, Liliana Ibara, Dasha Kusa, Nell Lake, Jessica Pierce, Pauliina Pope, Martha Synnott, and Prat Thakkaroffered all sorts of support over more than three years. Chuck Collins, Jim Collins, Laurie Hertzel, John Temple, Patricia Weaver Francisco, and Dick Weiss each read portions of the manuscript and made excellent suggestions. Jacqui Banaszynski and Adam Hochschild added insight and enthusiasm at regular intervals. Trena Keating, Emily Haynes, and Lavina Lee deftly turned our manuscript into this book. Bob Giles, curator of the Nieman Foundation and the Knight Foundation, provided essential support. Thanks to the Poynter Institute, which lent its name and savvy to our narrative journalism conference early on, and to the Boston Globe, the Oregonian, and the Harvard Book Store, also generous conference cosponsors.
Mark also thanks Susan Eaton, Sid and Esther Kramer, Will and Eli Kramer, Wendy Call, Sean Ploen, Joe Lavalle, Lesh Avens, Bob and Joan Weiss, Roy Peter Clark, Ranald Macdonald, Samuel Mc-Cracken, Sheryl Jackson, David Anabel, Nick Mills, Noel Perrin, Sam Splace, Bruce DeSilva, Walt Harrington, and many years of Nieman Fellows.
Wendy also thanks Douglas and Marilyn Call, Aram Falsafi, Sandra Ruiz Harris, Pam Kasey, Mark Kramer, David Palmer, Carol Rose, and Sasha Su-Ling Welland.
PREFACE
Writing well is difficult, even excruciating, and demands courage, patience, humility, erudition, savvy, stubbornness, wisdom, and aesthetic senseall summoned at your lonely desk. Telling True Stories offers a step-by-step guide that can help you at every stage, from idea to publication. This anthology includes advice from fifty-one respected writers who are among the most experienced practitioners of narrative nonfiction in the country.
The genre of telling true stories goes by many names: narrative journalism, new journalism, literary journalism, creative nonfiction, feature writing, the nonfiction novel, documentary narrative. It appears in a range of media including the daily newspaper, monthly lifestyle magazines, weekly alternative papers, and annual lists of best nonfiction books. It captivates public radio listeners, film and video documentary fans, and television viewers. On university campuses some form of narrative nonfiction is taught in departments of anthropology, communications, creative writing, history, journalism, literature, and sociology. Often, faculty members of the various departments dont know about others common methods and interests. The writers included here represent varied narrative traditions, from investigative reporting and magazine editing to filmmaking and poetry. As a result, Telling True Stories is quirkier than most textbooks and yet more practical than many books of advice about the writing craft.
This genre, which well call narrative nonfiction (or just narrative), challenges audiences as well as practitioners. It mixes human content with academic theory and observed fact, allows specialized understanding of everyday events, and unscrambles and sorts the messages of a complex world. It begins with practitioners going out into the real world to learn something new.
New Yorker writer Katherine Boo notes:
This is difficult journalism. Its lonely journalism. I was once on a Greyhound bus trip across the South, reporting. I was using the Memphis bus station as my Hyatt Regency. My back ached and my butt hurt. I hadnt had a proper nights sleep in four days. But intellectually and emotionally, I was as far as I could possibly be from bored. Its stressful work, but when you read... the writers who have done this work so well for so long, you cant help but know that this work is also mind-stretching, life-enhancing, slap-up fun.
Like Katherine Boos call to action, nearly all the material in Telling True Stories derives from presentations the contributors made at the Nieman Conference on Narrative Journalism. Every autumn the Nieman Foundation at Harvard University hosts one thousand mid-career writers and editors, from every U.S. state and from countries on nearly every continent, for three days of lectures, workshops, and discussions on the art and craft of narrative nonfiction. (See www.nieman.harvard.edu/narrative for much more information including recordings of the conference sessions.)
This book offers the counsel and experience of the conference speakers, distilled and updated, to a much wider community of storytellers: practitioners, students, and teachers of narrative nonfiction. In editing the ninety-one pieces included in this volume, weve tightened, extracted, and rearranged, and then worked with the writers fine-tuning and augmenting their original words. Along the way we have condensed 600,000 transcribed words to one-fifth that lengtha bouillon of experience and explanation. This broth had many cooksnot only the fifty-one writers whose names appear in the credits, but also their teachers, colleagues, and students, and the audiences at the Nieman Conferences because some of the material in this book originated in workshop question-and-answer sessions, with the speakers ideas focused and refined by thoughtful group discussion.
Telling True Stories offers nonfiction storytellers a sourcebook that helps name and describe many aspects of this difficult but rewarding work. We start with an overview of the field and then explore topic selection and data collection (reporting and research). We consider cousin genres (memoir, travel writing, the essay, and commentary), narrative structure, literary quality, ethics, the editing process, newsroom storytelling, and career-building.
Some of you will read this book from this page forward, start to finish. More of you will use this book as a reference, an on-call tutor. We have designed the book to reward both of these approaches.
Its so hard to do this work well, and then its hard again next time. We aspire to keep you good company as you strive to tell better stories. We wish you the gumption and the inspiration to do this important work as well as you possibly can.
Mark Kramer and Wendy Call
Cambridge, Massachusetts
April 2006
PART I
AN INVITATION TO NARRATIVE
Stories Matter
JACQUI BANASZYNSKI
I want you to travel with me to a famine camp in Sudan on the Ethiopian border. You have seen the dreadful television footage of the starving babies, their bellies bloated. Flies crawl in and out of their eyes and mouths, jealous for the last drops of moisture that cling there as long as these babies cling to life. Now you are among them, as a reporter for a midsized daily newspaper in the upper Midwest, charged with writing about a place you have never been before, about an event you cant possibly understand, for readers who will never go there and dont know what it has to do with thembeyond writing a check to charity.