Laurel Braitman - Animal madness: inside their minds

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Note: Certain names and identifying characteristics have been changed.

Copyright 2014 by Laurel Braitman

All rights reserved, including the right to reproduce this book or portions thereof in any form whatsoever. For information, address Simon & Schuster Subsidiary Rights Department, 1230 Avenue of the Americas, New York, NY 10020.

First Simon & Schuster hardcover edition June 2014

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Interior design by Ruth Lee-Mui

Jacket design by Rex Bonomelli

Jacket photographs: (front) Bernese Mountain dog Erik lam/Shutterstock; (back) silly macaw Tracy Starr/Shutterstock; elephant Nadezhda Bolotina

Illustrations by Kathleen Henderson, for endpapers and dedication page

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Braitman, Laurel, author.

Animal madness : how anxious dogs, compulsive parrots, and elephants in recovery help us understand ourselves / Laurel Braitman. First Simon & Schuster hardcover edition.

pagescm

1.Animal behavior.2.Animal psychology.I.Title.

QL751.B68342014

591.5dc2

2014000791

ISBN 978-1-4516-2700-8

ISBN 978-1-4516-2702-2 (ebook)

To all the animals Ive loved before, especially Lynn, Howard, and Dr. Mel

You see a dog growls when its angry, and wags its tail when its pleased. Now I growl when Im pleased and wag my tail when Im angry. Therefore Im mad.

The Cheshire Cat to Alice, in Lewis Carroll, The Annotated Alice

Some day Ill join him right there,

but now hes gone with his shaggy coat,

his bad manners and his cold nose.

Pablo Neruda, A Dog Has Died

Mac, the miniature donkey, can be kind of a jerk. He bats his eyelashes, angles his long furred ears toward you, flatteringly, like TV antennas, and pushes his belly up against your thighs. Then, just as youve grown comfortable with his small, stocky presence, his burro smell of sagebrush and sweet alfalfa, something dark and confusing stirs within him. He stiffens, whips his head back, and bites down hard on the bony part of your shin and doesnt let go. Or he rears to stamp his hooves on your toes, or he kicks his back legs like sharp springs in the direction of your kneecaps or into your actual kneecaps. If this wasnt painful, it would be funny. Mac is, after all, the size of a goat. But because you cant predict when it will happen, he is also a little scary. Mac shifts so suddenly from being affectionate and needy to violent and aggressive, transformations that dont seem to be triggered by anything in particular, that some people have taken to calling him schizo donkey.

I am not one of these people. But I believe that hes disturbed. This, however, is not Macs fault. Not entirely anyway. His mother, a stoic Sardinian miniature donkey, lived on the ranch where I grew up. She died within days of giving birth to Mac, and he was given to me to raise. I was twelve years old and saw this tiny donkey as a living stuffed toy. I spent hours bottle-feeding him and playing with him, until I got distracted by Anne of Green Gables books and my seventh-grade crush, a tan boy who skateboarded behind the local McDonalds. Mac was weaned too quickly, exiled to a corral without a donkey mother to show him the ropesa small, unself-confident creature among indifferent adults. Another donkey may have been fine, but Mac wasnt another donkey. Eventually he began to turn his attacks on himself, biting his own fur off in chunks when he became frustrated or erupting in violent outbursts against people and other animals, outbursts that kept him from receiving the affection he also seemed to crave. Now, more than twenty years later, I know that Macs experience and the disturbing behavior that resulted from it, is far from unique.

Humans arent the only animals to suffer from emotional thunderstorms that make our lives more difficult, and sometimes impossible. Like Charles Darwin, who came to this realization more than a century ago, I believe that nonhuman animals can suffer from mental illnesses that are quite similar to human disorders. I was convinced by the experiences of many creatures I came to know, from Mac to a series of Asian elephants, but none more persuasively than a Bernese Mountain Dog named Oliver that my husband and I adopted. Olivers extreme fear, anxiety, and compulsions cracked open my world and prompted me to investigate whether other animals could be mentally ill. This book is the tale of what I found: the story of my own struggle to help Oliver and the journey it inspired, a search to understand what identifying insanity in other animals might tell us about ourselves.

There isnt a branch of veterinary science, psychology, ethology (the science of animal behavior), neuroscience, or wildlife ecology dedicated to investigating whether animals can be mentally ill. What

Every animal with a mind has the capacity to lose hold of it from time to time. Sometimes the trigger is abuse or mistreatment, but not always. Ive come across depressed and anxious gorillas, compulsive horses, rats, donkeys, and seals, obsessive parrots, self-harming dolphins, and dogs with dementia, many of whom share their exhibits, homes, or habitats with other creatures who dont suffer from the same problems. Ive also gotten to know curious whales, confident bonobos, thrilled elephants, contented tigers, and grateful orangutans. There is plenty of abnormal behavior in the animal world, captive, domestic, and wild, and plenty of evidence of recovery; you simply need to know where and how to find it. Oliver was my guide, even if he was too busy compulsively licking his paws to notice.

Acknowledging parallels between human and other animal mental health is a bit like recognizing capacities for language, tool use, and culture in other creatures. That is, its a blow to the idea that humans are the only animals to feel or express emotion in complex and surprising ways. It is also anthropomorphic, the projection of human emotions, characteristics, and desires onto nonhuman beings or things. We can choose, though, to anthropomorphize well and, by doing so, make more accurate interpretations of animals behavior and emotional lives. Instead of self-centered projection, anthropomorphism can be a recognition of bits and pieces of our human selves in other animals and vice versa.

Identifying mental illness in other creatures and helping them recover also sheds light on our humanity. Our relationships with suffering animals often make us better versions of ourselves, helping us empathize with our dogs, cats, and guinea pigs, turning us into bonobo or gorilla psychiatrists, or inspiring the most dedicated among us to found cat shelters or elephant sanctuaries.