Bernard Hayes - Chinese Mythology: A Concise Guide to the Gods, Heroes, Sagas, Rituals and Beliefs of Chinese Myths
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Chinese Mythology
A Concise Guide to the Gods, Heroes, Sagas, Rituals and Beliefs of Chinese Myths
By Bernard Hayes
Copyright @2018
All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced in any form or by any means without permission in writing from the publisher, Bernard Hayes.
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Contents
CHAPTER 1: BKGRUND ND CHIN HITRY (R F THE MYTHLGY)
Bfr rding Lu Xun we hv t undrtnd th context f the world h livd in. Aftr the firt ium wr in 1839, Chin was forcefully opened u to th utid world nd the Chin bgn t gr thir dir need t mdrniz. Wtrn powers wr infringing Chinese vrignt and even thir neighbor, Japan, m t exploit Chin. Chin was dividd int mn diffrnt r f influence. Th Germans wr in Shandong, th Japanese were in Mnhuri, and the British wr in Hng Kng. Mjr rt iti uh Shnghi nd Tinjin hd mn frign nin.
Th Qing dnt w vrthrwn in Fbrur f 1912 nd w followed b th Rubli f Chin. While Sun Yat-sen (Sun Zhnghn) had fundd th Republic f Chin, th militr mn, Yuan Shiki, shortly thrftr uurd power and ntinud the rrut ways f th Qing Dynasty before him. H even dlrd himself emperor f a new dynasty in 1916 bfr dying later tht same year.
On the thr id f th world, Eur w nggd in Wrld Wr I frm 1914 t 1919. Th Chin ulid 140,000 troops t th Allied powers on th nditin that Shndng which w thn in Grmn ntrl, b returned to Chin. After th war, Shndng did nt return t Chin but w intd dd t Japan as stated in Th Trt f Vrill. China rfud to ign th trt nd mass demonstrations erupted in Beijing n M 4th, 1919 t rtt th gvrnmnt' inbilit to ur Chin' interests during th peace ngtitin.
Th period shortly bfr th dth f Yun Shiki to 1921 i gnrll referred to as th M Furth Movement in mmmrtin of thi rtt r i l knwn th New Culturl Movement. During this tim in China, Lu Xun began t write hi hrt tri in th h t injt the Chin l with a new irit. Lu Xun writ in th rf t Nahan: "th most imrtnt thing, thrfr, was t hng thir [th Chin] irit, and since t tht tim I felt tht litrtur w the bt mn to thi nd, I determined to rmt a litrr mvmnt." (Hsien-yi and Yng 1960) During th Nw Culturl Mvmnt, Lu Xun' writing bgn t influn Chin thught. His frind wr editing a magazine called Th Nw Yuth nd asked Lu Xun to writ fr thm. His firt story, A Mdmn' Dir, was published in The Nw Youth in 1918 and vr in Lu Xun bm a mjr voice in thi movement tht w lking t define China's futur.
Th udin f Lu Xun' tri was the ultin f Chin during th tumultuu times in Chinese history. Many f hi tri rfr to "bkwrd trditin" r t current vnt of th tim. Without n undrtnding of m f these historical rfrn, muh f Lu Xun' humr n b lt nd th stories l muh f thir mning. Hwvr, with a hitril intrdutin, hi tri bm finting nd lnd insight int Chin thught during those times.
Lt' xlr tw of Lu Xun' more fmu short tri, Mdiin nd Kng Yiji.
Medicine
Medicine trt ff dark nd mysterious with th father heading ut in th rl mrning with a big hunk of silver in hi kt. Th fthr rturn hm with a red mntu wrd in r frm his lntrn. He nt hi fmil ving on this mntu whih th ht u t give to their sick son. Thir n is ughing madly nd th are hing t give him thi mntu t cure his tuberculosis. Th rt ingredient f thi xniv bjt i the blood tht it is tuffd with. Th bld i from a young revolutionary wh w jut executed tht mrning. Th rvlutinr was xd by his wn family member wh ktd a nice rwrd. As w knw, humn bld will nt ur tubruli, but according t m Chinese mth, human bld w the fr sure ur. A thi fmil w drt t save thir only son, they tk th risk nd trid to save their n.
Their n di, th ung rvlutinr h bn killed, nd the fmil' ving are in th hnd of m hd l. Lu Xun' tri bm especially ignnt bu f thir relation to current events in Chin.
Th revolutionary in th story rfr to th real nti-Qing rvlutinr, Qiu Jin (1879?-1907). Hr older cousin, Xu Xilin, ld a fild uriing gint th Qing mir in Jul 1907 b assassinating th rvinil governor f Anhui Province hoping to triggr a wider rbllin. After Xu Xilin' tur nd xutin, Qiu Jin, wh was lnning a rdintd ttk in Zhjing Province, w arrested at hr school, trturd, nd thn dittd in her hometown, Shaoxing, a fw days ltr. Th fthr in th story buys a mantou filld with the bld f Qiu Jin.
Lu Xun's fthr l died f tuberculosis and Lu Xun's family w well ff, th were able nd a mll frtun trting hi illn. Lu Xun' father wnt to a fmu trditinl Chinese doctor in rh of his ur. As Lu Xun drib in the rf t Nhn but hi uth:
"For mr than four years I ud t go, almost dil, t a pawnbroker's nd t a mdiin shop... to hand lth and trinkets up t th untr twi m height, tk the money rffrd with ntmt, then go t the untr the m hight I to buy mdiin fr m fthr wh had long bn ill." (Hin-i and Yng 1960)
Lu Xun tull tudid mdrn mdiin in Jn bfr turning to literature. H saw traditional Chin mdiin a scam and ud b windlr t xtrt money frm griving fmil mmbr. With td' emphasis n trditinl Chin mdiin in the Wt, I find it irni hw nti-trditinl Chin mdiin Lu Xun is.
Another rnl favorite of Lu Xun' tri i Kng Yiji. The min hrtr of th tr is called Kng Yiji nd hn th titl. H' a scholar who nvr passes th imperial examination. Ping the imperial xmintin in Chin w th ritrin fr becoming a gvrnmnt ffiil in imril Chin. Yung boys f wll ff fmili wuld nd r learning th Chin li in preparation for th xm. Sin learning the li i of little practical vlu, th would hope t nd bm a government ffiil. If th nvr d, they wr doomed to b uit ul or hving t lrn a new t of kill frm scratch.
Kng Yiji is n example f a rurrnt filur f th xm. H' lz nd lik t drink doesn't do much t mk a living. H inll i li fr extra money, but finds it easier t tl intd. One f Lu Xun's li lin is "tking a book can't b nidrd stealing...it's taking a book!" (Lll 1990) Thi lin i diffiult t translate bu Kong Yiji is ling with tw different hrtr tht ntill mn "to tl". Th firt character (i) i ud fruntl in litrtur and givn Kng Yiji's hlrl bkgrund this is the word h rfr. The nd hrtr (tu) i commonly ud in kn Chin.
An article n danwei.org entitled Kng Yiji nd th Qutin f Computer Pir mrd td' mutr ur in Chin who use irtd software t Kong Yiji from Lu Xun' story. In n attempt to tm ftwr ir, Mirft inludd m d tht wuld blk ut the rn f ur with irtd software. Jut as Kng Yiji initd he was nt stealing, many people in China fught bk nd "stood u t self-righteously dfnd thir wn tin, thugh th wr url wrong." (Martinsen 2008)
Kong Yiji vntull gt a lif debilitating beating for tling b having both f hi lg broken. H is rdud t drgging himlf b hi tw hands nd his livlihd f tling is taken w. H vntull di.
Lking bk int Lu Xun's hildhd w gin find rlll btwn hi tr nd hi past. Th character f Kong Yiji i bd n n f Lu Xun' unl, Zhu Ziing, wh livd in the fmil mund in Shxing and taught Lu Xun th li. Zhu Ziqing nt r tuding for the ivil rvi xm, yet repeatedly fild. H w mthing f a nuin in th family compound nd did nt contribute much xt t teach children the classics.
Lu Xun' uncle nd Kng Yiji highlight one f th flw in the civil rvi exam in fudl Chin. While th tm prepared people vr wll in th li, it also rdud many l wh never passed th exams, but yet hd spent r in rrtin. Aftr thir filur, th lacked n other skills t urt thmlv nd their fmili. Lu Xun' unl eventually committed uiid by lighting himlf on fire and jumping ff a bridg int the water below. H did a fw days ltr.
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