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William G. Hyland Jr. - In Defense of Thomas Jefferson: The Sally Hemings Sex Scandal

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William G. Hyland Jr. In Defense of Thomas Jefferson: The Sally Hemings Sex Scandal

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The belief that Thomas Jefferson had an affair and fathered a child (or children) with slave Sally Hemings---and that such an allegation was proven by DNA testinghas become so pervasive in American popular culture that it is not only widely accepted but taught to students as historical fact. But as William G. Hyland Jr. demonstrates, this fact is nothing more than the accumulation of salacious rumors and irresponsible scholarship over the years, much of it inspired by political grudges, academic opportunism, and the trend of historical revisionism that seeks to drag the reputation of the Founding Fathers through the mud. In this startling and revelatory argument, Hyland shows not only that the evidence against Jefferson is lacking, but that in fact he is entirely innocent of the charge of having sexual relations with Hemings.
Historians have the wrong Jefferson. Hyland, an experienced trial lawyer, presents the most reliable historical evidence while dissecting the unreliable, and in doing so he cuts through centuries of unsubstantiated charges. The author reminds us that the DNA tests identified Eston Hemings, Sallys youngest child, as being merely the descendant of a Jefferson male. Randolph Jefferson, the presidents wayward, younger brother with a reputation for socializing among the Monticello slaves, emerges as the most likely of several possible candidates. Meanwhile, the author traces the evolution of this rumor about Thomas Jefferson back to the allegation made by one James Callendar, a drunken ruffian who carried a grudge after unsuccessfully lobbying the president for a postmaster appointment---and who then openly bragged of ruining Jeffersons reputation. Hyland also delves into Hemings family oral histories that go against the popular rumor, as well as the ways in which the Jefferson rumors were advanced by less-than-historical dramas and by flawed scholarly research often shaped by political agendas.
Reflecting both a laypersons curiosity and a lawyers precision, Hyland definitively puts to rest the allegation of the thirty-eight-year liaison between Jefferson and Hemings. In doing so, he reclaims the nations third president from the arena of Hollywood-style myth and melodrama and gives his readers a unique opportunity to serve as jurors on this enduringly fascinating episode in American history.

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Table of Contents This book could not have been written without the - photo 1
Table of Contents

This book could not have been written without the valuable assistance of three outstanding people: Herbert Barger, a true Jeffersonian and indefatigable patriot who had the political courage to seek the truth wherever it led; Dr. Ken Wallenborn, friend, mentor, and leading Jefferson authority; and author Cynthia Burton, whose meticulous research and valuable comments saved me from various errors and contributed immensely to improving my rough manuscript. I would encourage anyone interested in the Jefferson-Hemings controversy to read Cynthias indispensable book, Jefferson Vindicated .
I am also grateful to several of my fathers colleagues who lent their time in critically reading all or part of the manuscript. I have benefited from their comments: Strobe Talbot, Jim Hoge, Peter Grose, and the late Peter Rodman. I am also particularly grateful to Professor Forrest McDonald and John Works for their kind comments and scholarly insight. I also gave portions of the manuscript to several of my legal colleagues, whose opinions I respect. They generously contributed to improving the book, and I owe them a special debt of thanks: John Bothwell and Jack Evans, and my college roommates Dick Barron and Chip Welch. Dr. Jan Duvoisin also provided his medical expertise on Jeffersons health.
I would also like to thank the Thomas Jefferson Heritage Society, and especially Pam Buell, for her assistance with references, illustrations, e-mails, and arranging valuable interviews. My in-laws, Leo and Colleen Ruffini, also gave of their personal time and attention, and provided valued comments, as well as my mother, Lynn Hyland, who encouraged me to write this book for father.
Similar gratitude is owed to the staff at the Alderman Library at the University of Virginia (Special Collections Department) who provided me with valuable research material.
No book is complete without the assistance of a passionate editor. I was fortunate to have one of the best, Rob Kirkpatrick, who took a controversial manuscript and shaped it into a readable book. I also am indebted to all the fine people at my publisher, Thomas Dunne Books, especially David Stanford Burr, Lorrie Grace McCann, and Jason Ramirez. I also wish to thank my literary agent, Jim Fitzgerald, who began it all and kept me on track.
Finally, I am indebted most of all to my loving family: my children, Tori and Will, provided me with encouragement and inspiration and, at times, a quiet place to work. Yet the person I owe the most to, in both my personal and professional life, is my selfless wife, Delia. She endured my writing moods, constant travel for research and writing conferences, and has shown great patience so I could finally write my book. Honey, you are the best of wives and the best of women.
JEFFERSON-HEMINGS TIMELINE
EVENTYEAR
Birth of Thomas Jefferson13 Apr 1743
Jefferson enters William & Mary1760
Jefferson graduates, studies law with George Wythe1762
Jefferson passes bar exam1765
Construction begins on Monticello1768
Shadwell burns down1770
Jefferson marries Martha Wayles Skelton1772
Martha Jefferson (Patsy) born1772
Death of John Wayles1773
Martha Jefferson inherits Hemings family1773
Birth of Sally Hemings1773
Jane Randolph Jefferson born1774
Jane Randolph Jefferson dies1775
Betty Hemings and children come to Monticello1775
Jefferson writes Declaration of Independence1776
Jeffersons infant son born/dies within two weeks1777
Mary Jefferson (Polly) born1778
Lucy Elizabeth Jefferson born1778
Jefferson elected governor of Virginia (one-year term)1779
Lucy Elizabeth Jefferson dies1781
Lucy Elizabeth Jefferson (II) born1782
Death of Jeffersons wife Martha Jefferson6 Sep 1782
Jefferson goes to Paris with daughter Martha (Patsy), James Hemings accompanies himJuly 1784
Lucy Elizabeth Jefferson (II) diesOct 1784
Daughter Mary joins Jefferson in Paris, Sally Hemings accompanies Mary to ParisJuly 1787
Jefferson returns to Monticello, Sally and James return with Jefferson1789
Martha (Patsy) marries Thomas Mann Randolph, Jr.1790
Jefferson becomes secretary of state1790
Birth of Tom Woodson to Sally1790
Jefferson resigns as secretary of state1793
Birth of Harriet I to SallyOct 1795
Jefferson elected vice-president1796
Mary (Polly) marries John Wayles EppesOct 1797
Death of Harriet I to SallyDec 1797
Birth of Beverly Hemings to Sally1 Apr 1798
Birth/death of daughter to Sally7 Dec 1799
Jefferson elected president18001801
Birth of Harriet II to SallyMay 1801
James Callender articles in Richmond RecorderSepOct 1802
Death of Mary Jefferson1804
Jefferson reelected president1804
Birth of Madison Hemings to SallyJanuary 1805
Birth of Eston Hemings to Sally21 May 1808
Jefferson retires to MonticelloMarch 1809
Founding of the University of Virginia1817
Harriet and Beverly run away1822
Death of Thomas Jefferson4 July 1826
Madison and Eston freed by Jefferson will1827
Sally Hemings leaves with Madison and Eston1827
Death of Sally Hemings1835
MINORITY REPORT BY DR. WALLENBORN
DATE: March 23, 2000
TO: Readers of the Attached Reports
FROM: Daniel P. Jordan, President, TJF
SUBJECT: Dr. Wallenborns Minority Report

White McKenzie (Ken) Wallenborn, M.D., was a conscientious member of the ad hoc staff committee that I appointed in late 1998 to review, comprehensively and critically, all the evidence, scientific and otherwise, relating to the relationship of Thomas Jefferson and Sally Hemings and to report its findings and recommendations to me in a timely manner. Twice in the spring of 1999, during and after the conclusion of the work of the committee, Ken expressed some reservations to me, and I encouraged him to write up his concerns. It was my understanding at the time that he wanted his report to be for my review and consideration, not general circulation, but Ken now feels that it should be distributed more broadlyand I agree. I subsequently learned that Ken gave a copy to the committee chairman.
For the record, Kens concerns were reviewed and considered systematically and seriously. I believe the issues he raised are addressed in the research report of the committee, and I concur with the findings of the committee. I would encourage anyone interested in the general subject to read both reports and draw their own conclusions.
I recognize that honorable people can disagree on this subject, as indeed they have for over two hundred years. Further, we know that the historicalrecord has gaps that perhaps can never be filled, and mysteries that may never be fully resolved. The Foundation stands ready to review any fresh evidence at any time and to reassess our understanding of the matter in light of more complete information. In the meantime, while respecting fully Kens opinions, I stand by the research report as circulated.
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