Getting Ghost
Two Young Lives and the Struggle for the Soul of an American City
LUKE BERGMANN
THE UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN PRESS
Ann Arbor
Copyright 2008 by Luke Bergmann
Published by the University of Michigan Press 2010
First published by The New Press 2008
All rights reserved
Published in the United States of America by
The University of Michigan Press
Manufactured in the United States of America
Printed on acid-free paper
2013 2012 2011 2010 4 3 2 1
No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, or otherwise, without the written permission of the publisher.
ISBN 978-0-472-03436-9 (paper : alk. paper)
ISBN 978-0-472-02640-1 (e-book)
In Loving Memory of Ron Gu's
Contents
Acknowledgments
Over the past several years, as my own personal life has gone through a significant transformationculminating with the birth of my beautiful son, Esaithe stories and lives in Getting Ghost have been constant companions. Many of the central characters in the book, whose names I've changed, will probably be the most eager readers of this narrative. It is to these folks, of course, that I owe the greatest debts of gratitude. This text is woven out of their experiences and lives. And for their willingness to bring me into the most intimate corners of their world, for their courage, respect, friendship, and faith, I am so grateful.
This book began a number of years ago as a doctoral dissertation in the Department of Anthropology and the School of Social Work at the University of Michigan, and many people at Michigan helped me along the way. Tom Fricke, in whom I discovered a shared obsession with James Agee, encouraged me to work beyond the disciplinary conventions I'd been trained to observe. Beth Reed, Rosemary Sarri, Carol Boyd, and Bill Birdsall were all guardian angels for me while I was living in Detroit. Janet Finn, Alford Young Jr., and Fernando Coronil helped me get my head straight at various points. And for their support, encouragement, and kindness about my fledgling efforts to do this work, I want to thank John Ramsburgh, Jeffrey Shook, Alex Ralph, Sebastian Matthews, Greg Harris, James Reische, and Sarah Munro. Skip Rappaport was also in my mind and heart as I was working on Getting Ghost. I hope it does not disappoint him.
At the University of California at San Francisco and Berkeley, I have benefited from the advice and guidance of Philippe Bourgois, Deborah Gordon, Paul Rabinow, Jeff Schonberg, Kelly Knight, Nick Bartlett, and Laura Schmidt.
Irene Skolnick believed in this book from the get-go and secured the perfect home for it. I feel so fortunate that The New Press exists. Andy Hsiao got support for the manuscript at The New Press, and Furaha Norton has been heroic in making it a clearer, better told story. Needless to say, I bear full responsibility for any of the text's shortcomings.
This work could not have been completed without financial support from the University of Michigan Substance Abuse Research Center, the Rack-ham School of Graduate Studies and the Advanced Study Center at the University of Michigan, the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality, the Institute for Health Policy Studies at the University of California at San Francisco, and the Prevention Research Center and UC Berkeley School of Public Health. I am grateful to all.
For my family, this project has shadowed me like a second life. All six of my wonderful sisters have lent their sympathetic ears and helped me to stay centered. Andrea Sankar has been an important source of intellectual and logistical help. Aunt Renee McCoy took me in and continues to inspire me. Taya Nelson picked me up when I was falling apart on many occasions and has consistently steered me toward deeper explorations of the emotional dimensions of this work. Eric Nelson has enriched this project with good humor and warm support. Frithjof Bergmann has been, for many years now, my closest and most valuable intellectual ally. Jessie Flynn was accommodating and loving throughout the many years that I spent in and around Detroit. And finally, Rosemary Polanco has been a pitch-perfect editor, brutally honest sounding board, and incredible mother to our lively son as the book has gone through its final trimester. It is so rare that any of us find someone whose opinion and judgment we implicitly trust. I am lucky indeed.
Dramatis Personae
EAST SIDE
Dude Freeman, Family, and Friends
Dude Freeman 16-year-old East Sider
Ruby Mother
Forrester Older brother
Felicity Older sister
Evelyn (Evie) Older sister
Elvin Evie's twin
May Oldest sister
Lydia Paternal aunt
Marvin Father
Dude's Friends
Billy
Chewie
Treb
Aisha
Janet
Walker
Detention Facility
Cedric Mann
Branford Wilson
Fredrick Nelson
Bosworth
Raul
Willis Harrison
Justin
Bernardo
Ms. Bailey
Mr. Mallard
WEST SIDE
Rodney Phelps, Family, and Friends
Rodney Phelps 19-year-old West Sider
Maria Mother
Antonio Younger brother
Julie Older sister
Princess Older sister
Annie Girlfriend
The Dexter Boys
Sheed
Kilo
Loc
Hector
Shell
Ebo
Oscar
Timmy Mason
Rabbit
Jeremiah
Z
Dante
Marley
Coney Island
Larry
Mikey
Polly
Patty
Household on Pingree
Esther
Juwan
Benjamin
Dwayne
1
Introduction
Many die too late, and a few die too early.
The doctrine still sounds strange: Die at the right time!
Friedrich Nietzsche, Also Sprach Zarathustra
BIFF : He had the wrong dreams. All, all, wrong.
HAPPY : Don't say that!
BIFF : He never knew who he was.
CHARLEY : Nobody dast blame this man. Nobody dast blame this man.
A salesman is got to dream, boy. It comes with the territory.
Arthur Miller, Death of a Salesman
Having escaped the fires, they trudged in tattered, soot-stained clothing toward a busy street where they might find help. Somewhere, a keen-eyed photographer for the Detroit Free Press captured the young black family, the morning after the first day of rioting in the city, as they walked with their few salvaged belongings underneath a row of smoldering brick chimneys, which shot through the collapsed houses around them.
Though the riots of summer 1967 spread from one corner of Detroit's interior to the other, consuming building after building on the East and West Sides, and up and down some of the city's most bustling streets, the houses shown burning in the Free Press photograph, just off Linwood Street between Pingree and Blaine, represent the center of what would be the city's most devastating residential damage. Nearly the entire square block burned down after wind-borne embers from a nearby business landed on the roofs of several houses.
Over thirty years later, when I moved into the bottom floor of a two-family flat on Pingree, in one of the spared homes across the street from what had been this residential conflagration, the chimneys were long since toppled and cleared away, and a city park had been made of the vacant field left by the fire. Now, when I stood on the worn oak floor in my room and looked out the window, I could see chain-link softball backstops facing each other from the corners of the park and a wavy asphalt basketball court that had been built off to the side.