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Nicholas Dungan - Gallatin: Americas Swiss Founding Father

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Nicholas Dungan Gallatin: Americas Swiss Founding Father

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This new biography of Albert Gallatin is especially welcome for the strong emphasis that it puts on the Geneva roots and education of Albert Gallatin, which he constantly applied in the service of America in later life.---Jacques de Saussure, senior managing partner, Pictet & Cie
Dungans exemplary new biography shows how much we owe to a European patrician who asked not what America could do for him, but what he could do for his adopted country.---Charles Scribner III, art historian and author of The Shadow of God: A Journey Through Memory, Art, and Faith
In this elegant biography, Dungan charts the rise of Albert Gallatin from Congress to the Treasury to international affairs---and convincingly makes the case that Gallatin helped guide the United States to genuine independence by negotiating the end of the war of 1812.---Charles A. Kupchan, author of How Enemies Become Friends: The Sources of Stable Peace
Many U.S. envoys to France have had distinguished careers, but none exceeded Albert Gallatin in his contribution to the United States. Nicholas Dungan gives Gallatins diplomacy its well-deserved emphasis in this fast-paced biography of a great European-American.---Walter J. P. Curley, former United States ambassador to France and Ireland
In this perceptive new life of Albert Gallatin, Nicholas Dungan rightly highlights Gallatins later years as an intellectual and public figure in New York City.---Louise Mirrer, president, New-York Historical Society
In domestic politics as in diplomacy and the private sector, Albert Gallatin is a compelling example of the contribution of the Swiss to American achievement Nicholas Dungan helps bring alive this oft-forgotten statesman.---Laurent M. Roux, founder, Gallatin Wealth Management
Your wont find his portrait on our currency and his signature isnt penned on the Constitution, but former statesman Albert Gallatin (1761-1849) contributed immeasurably to the formation of America.
Born in Geneva to an old and noble family and highly educated in the European tradition, Gallatin made contributions to America throughout his career that far outweighted any benefit he procured for himself. He got his first taste of politics in the Pennsylvania state legislature and went on to serve in the U.S. Senate and House of Representatives. He became Secretary of the Treasury in the Jefferson Administration and later undertook a diplomatic mission for President Madison, which ended the War of 1812 with the signing of the Treaty of Ghent ---and thus gave the United States its genuine independence. Gallatin continued in diplomacy as minister to France and to Great Britain. At the age of seventy he retired from politics and commenced a new career in New York City as a banker, public figure, and intellectual, helping establish New York University and the American Ethnological Society, and serving as president of the New-York Historical Society. Gallatin died at age 88 and is buried in Manhattans Trinity Churchyard at Broadway and Wall Street.

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About NYU Press
A publisher of original scholarship since its founding in 1916, New York University Press Produces more than 100 new books each year, with a backlist of 3,000 titles in print. Working across the humanities and social sciences, NYU Press has award-winning lists in sociology, law, cultural and American studies, religion, American history, anthropology, politics, criminology, media and communication, literary studies, and psychology.

GALLATIN

GALLATIN Americas Swiss Founding Father NICHOLAS DUNGAN NEW YORK - photo 1

GALLATIN
Americas Swiss Founding Father
NICHOLAS DUNGAN

NEW YORK UNIVERSITY PRESS New York and London wwwnyupressorg 2010 by - photo 2
NEW YORK UNIVERSITY PRESS
New York and London
www.nyupress.org
2010 by Nicholas Dungan and the Swiss Confederation,
Federal Department of Foreign Affairs
All rights reserved
Frontispiece: Courtesy of Lola Haener
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Dungan, Nicholas.
Gallatin : Americas Swiss founding father / Nicholas Dungan.
p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 978-0-8147-2111-7 (cl. : acid-free paper) ISBN 978-0-8147-2112-4 (e-book)
1. Gallatin, Albert, 1761-1849. 2. StatesmenUnited StatesBiography.
3. Geneva (Switzerland)Biography. 4. Swiss AmericansBiography.
5. United StatesPolitics and government1783-1865. I. Title.
E302.6.G16D86 2010
973.4092dc22 [B] 2010021007
New York University Press books are printed on acid-free paper, and their binding materials are chosen for strength and durability. We strive to use environmentally responsible suppliers and materials to the greatest extent possible in publishing our books.
Manufactured in the United States of America
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
IN MEMORIAM PATRIS MEI
CONSULTI PHILOLOGI HELVETII AMICI
CONTENTS
FOREWORD
Gallatin in Diplomacy
THE United States of America and Switzerland celebrate together the life and contributions of Albert Gallatin.
Swiss-born Albert Gallatin became one of Americas most accomplished diplomats, following his eminent tenure as secretary of the Treasury of the United States. He stands in the pantheon of American international envoys alongside Benjamin Franklin and Thomas Jefferson. Without doubt his greatest accomplishment was the successful completion of the complex and tortuous process that led to the Treaty of Ghent, which put an end to the War of 1812 and gave the United States its genuine independence.
Gallatin was a highly skilled negotiator. Born, raised, and educated in Geneva, he retained a certain Swiss personality throughout his life, while wholly dedicated to the interests of his adopted America. He was, as a result, ideally placed to deal with Europeans who needed to understand Americas motivations and, in return, to shape Americans understanding of how best to approach the sensitivities of their European counterparts. This combination of listening diplomacy, cultural awareness, and a focus on diplomacy in action was highly effective in his day and continues to be entirely pertinent to international relations in our own time.
Our two countries, often described as sister republics, do indeed share the same values and principles. Together we work toward greater international cooperation and reinforcing the international system based on democracy and respect for human rights.
Micheline Calmy-Rey
Federal Councilor
Head of the Swiss Federal Department of Foreign Affairs
FOREWORD
Gallatin in Finance
ALBERT GALLATIN, a legendary Swiss American, was the secretary of the Treasury of the United States from 1801 to 1814 under Presidents Thomas Jefferson and James Madison. He remains the longest serving Treasury secretary in U.S. history. The Geneva-born Gallatin stayed true to his roots by displaying a strong work ethic, frugality, and realism throughout his career. He distinguished himself as a financial expert and participated in the founding of the Ways and Means Committee of the House of Representatives. When he became secretary of the Treasury, he was urged to dismantle the financial system that Alexander Hamilton had put in place. Despite a longstanding rivalry between the two men, Gallatin acknowledged the genius of Hamiltons system and instead reinforced it. During his first years in office, he focused his efforts on paying down the public debt. This enhanced the credit standing of the young United States of America. As a result, Gallatin was able to finance the Louisiana Purchase through a bond issue. This doubled the size of the country. Some have questioned whether his policies were too restrictive for an emerging economy with high growth potential. In reality, his fiscal conservatism and administrative excellence meant that the United States of America could meet its challenges even in the face of European conflicts and the War of 1812, which sorely tested public finances.
His lessons of prudent policymaking and sound financial management have stood the test of time. As medium-term fiscal sustainability has to be restored, Gallatin teaches us that public debt reduction requires unwavering political commitment to fiscal discipline. The legacy of Albert Gallatin remains relevant today.
Dr. Philipp M. Hildebrand
Chairman of the Governing Board
Swiss National Bank
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
DANIEL HAENER made this book possible: both as deputy consul general of Switzerland in New York and as a friend, he propelled the project and sustained me with his determination, his enthusiasm, and his inspiration; I am forever in his debt. Andr Geissmann helped make this book happen: unflappable, indefatigable, organizedand cheerfulhe proved to be the ideal research assistant. Their wives, Lola and Alejandra, graciously put up with a lot of Gallatin in their lives.
I am especially grateful to Micheline Calmy-Rey, federal councilor and head of the Department of Foreign Affairs of the Swiss Confederation, and to Philipp Hildebrand, chairman of the Swiss National Bank, for their encouragement. Within Swiss diplomacy, my thanks go to Ambassador Christoph Bubb and Ambassador Urs Ziswiler and to Norbert Brlocher, Ornela Julita, Katharine Kuepfer, Katharina Litchman, Yves Morath, Pascal Prinz, Guillaume Scheurer, Lukas Sieber, and Marianne Stger.
Ambassador Benedict von Tscharner, chair of the Foundation and the Museum of the Swiss Abroad and author of a slim Gallatin biography for Swiss readers in three languages, was generous with his advice, introductions, and guidance, and I cannot thank him enough. Jacques de Saussure provided encouragement and access, through David Foldi, to interesting correspondence. Franois Jacob was pleased to receive me for a private visit of the Institut et Muse Voltaire at Les Dlices. I am very thankful to Jean-Charles Giroud, director of the Bibliothque de Genve, for his keen interest in the book and the two hundred fiftieth anniversary of Gallatins birth. The letter in from Gallatin to Horace-Bndict de Saussure offers new insights and has never been published before; I found it in the archives of the Bibliothque de Genve thanks also to the assistance of Barbara Roth, Isabelle Jeger, Christine Tourn, and Dominique Jolliet.
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