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Paul David Nelson - William Tryon and the Course of Empire: A Life in British Imperial Service

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William Tryons role in the affairs of British America during the last years of the empire, and his inability to stem the collapse of that empire, makes for a fascinating story. Royal governor of North Carolina from 1765 to 1771 and then of New York from 1771 to 1780, Tryon became a general in the British army attempting to quell the American rebellion. This biography covers his life in service to the Crown through the end of the American Revolution.
Paul Nelson argues that Tryon was a talented colonial administrator and a successful, even popular, governor largely because he understood American thinking on such basic constitutional issues as taxation, finance, and trade policy. British home authorities failed to follow Tryons sage counsel regarding the governance of the colonies, advice that might have forestalled the Revolution. In particular, Tryon, like Edmund Burke and others in Parliament, could not convince British ministers that Americans would never accept internal taxes imposed upon them by London.
Once the war broke out and Tryons role changed from governing to leading Loyalist American troops, he was an advocate of harsh, retributive warfare against his former charges. Nelson follows Tryons military career, especially his debates with colleagues such as Sir Henry Clinton on the wisdom of hard-line versus conciliatory approach to the fighting. And after the war, Nelson shows, Tryons connections with those unfortunate Americans who came out on the losing side of the great imperial struggle retained an important place in his life.
An exciting drama in its own right, Tryons story also serves to illuminate a number of issues important to historians of the Revolutionary War. Played out on two continents and in two important American colonies, amid the stirring events that resulted in the formation of the United States of America, Tryons life is significant for understanding many aspects of politics and society in the Anglo-American world of the eighteenth century.
Originally published in 1990.
A UNC Press Enduring Edition -- UNC Press Enduring Editions use the latest in digital technology to make available again books from our distinguished backlist that were previously out of print. These editions are published unaltered from the original, and are presented in affordable paperback formats, bringing readers both historical and cultural value.

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William Tryon and the Course of Empire
William Tryon by J Wollaston This oil portrait inscribed on the back Govr - photo 1
William Tryon, by J. Wollaston. This oil portrait, inscribed on the back, Govr. Wm. Tryon of No. CarolinaJ. Wollaston, pinxt. New YorkAnno D. 1767, hangs in Tryon Palace, New Bern, North Carolina. There is some doubt about the identity of the portraits subject. If the portrait is of Tryon, it is the only known likeness of him. (Courtesy of the North Carolina Division of Archives and History)
Publication of this work was assisted by a grant from the Kellenberger Historical Foundation.
1990 The University of North Carolina Press
All rights reserved
Manufactured in the United States of America
The paper in this book meets the guidelines for permanence and durability of the Committee on Production Guidelines for Book Longevity of the Council on Library Resources.
Design by April Leidig-Higgins
94 93 92 91 90 5 4 3 2 1
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Nelson, Paul David, 1941
William Tryon and the course of empire : a life in British imperial service / by Paul David Nelson,
p. cm.
Includes bibliographical references.
ISBN 0-8078-6572-9 (alk. paper)
1. Tryon, William, 17291788. 2. North CarolinaGovernorsBiography. 3. New York (State)GovernorsBiography. 4. Colonial administratorsGreat BritainBiography. 5. North CarolinaHistoryColonial period, ca. 16001775. 6. New York (State)HistoryColonial period, ca. 16001775. 7. North CarolinaHistoryRegulator Insurrection, 17661771. I. Title.
F257.T79N45 1990
975.602092dc20
[B]
90-11998
CIP
For my students, past and present
Contents
ONE
English Origins
TWO
The New Royal Governor
THREE
Stamps and Boundaries
FOUR
Tryon Palace and Reform Measures
FIVE
The War of the Regulation
SIX
Governor of New York
SEVEN
Land, Politics, and Tea
EIGHT
The Collapse of Royal Authority
NINE
Soldiering against Republicanism
TEN
The Fruits of Desolation Warfare
Illustrations
William Tryon frontispiece
Charles Tryon
Tryon Palace at New Bern
Edmund Fanning
Governor Tryon confronting the Regulators
A view of Fort George with the city of New York
William Smith
General William Howe
Sir Henry Clinton
Preface
William Tryon, British army officer and royal governor of North Carolina and New York in the years preceding the American Revolution, was an important participant in the events leading to Englands loss of her thirteen mainland colonies to republican revolutionaries. His life history is interesting in and of itself, but it also highlights larger scholarly issues that have engaged many historians of the Revolutionary era in recent years. First, his career as a faithful and talented supporter of Crown prerogatives during the 1760s and 1770s is a useful case study of British administrative ineptitude that supplements other works covering the same topic. Although Tryon shrewdly warned officials in London that it was impossible for Britain to maintain peaceful control over America if ministers and monarch refused to make timely concessions on questions of direct taxation, his admonitions went unheeded. Second, his activities as a major general in the British army during the American war speak to the importance of the work of insightful military historians, members of a growing group of Revolutionary War scholars who divide British officers, in their prosecution of the war against the rebels, into hard-liners (like Tryon) and conciliators. Third, his fellow feeling with Loyalists, who like him supported the lost cause of empire, places his life's story in the body of literature that deals with those unhappy people.
Given Tryon's importance, it is rather surprising that there has been no full-scale analysis of his career prior to this one. Certainly a biography is badly needed. But if historians have not looked at his life as a whole, they have shown interest in different aspects of it. Considerable attention has been paid to Tryon's years as governor of North Carolina, beginning with Marshall DeLancey Haywood's Governor William Tryon and His Administration in the Province of North Carolina, 17651771 published in 1903. Over the years, Haywood's work has been supplemented, and sometimes supplanted, by a number of books and masters theses (plus articles in the North Carolina Historical Review) on topics as diverse as currency and ecclesiastical reform, the Stamp Act crisis, and the Regulator movement. In 1955 Alonzo T. Dill published Governor Tryon and His Palace, a readable and scholarly book that discusses Tryon, Tryon Palace, New Bern, and Craven County during the colonial and Revolutionary periods. William S. Powells introductory essay on Tryon in the first of his two volumes of The Correspondence of William Tryon (198081) is excellent though necessarily brief. Tryon's gubernatorial administration in New York has received less attention. A Ph.D. dissertation, Solomon Hennefs The Career of William Tryon as Governor of the Province of New York, 17711780, completed in 1968, has had to suffice. As for Tryon's military career under Generals William Howe and Henry Clinton, it has received no complete assessment prior to this biography.
The source materials for this book are located in a large number of repositories in Great Britain, Canada, and the United States. Most of the materials consist of official correspondence between Tryon and government officials in London because Tryon's personal letters unfortunately have been lost. A large number were destroyed by a fire in New York in December 1773, and the remainder have disappeared in ways unknown. Although lack of a large collection of private papers necessarily hampers a biographer of Tryon, the man could be extraordinarily revealing in his public letters and has left many clues to his interior life. Moreover, persons near him, especially Councillor William Smith of New York, observed him perspicaciously over a number of years and wrote penetrating assessments of his character, highlighting the inner man. I hope, therefore, that I have been able to present a well-rounded assessment of Tryon's personality.
I want to take this opportunity to thank all the curators and librarians of the numerous archives containing materials on Tryon's life. My debt to them is incalculable. Although a complete listing of these repositories is found in the bibliography, I especially want to express my gratitude to the officers and staffs of those with the largest and most valuable collections of Tryon materials: the British Public Record Office; the William L. Clements Library, University of Michigan; the Houghton Library, Harvard University; and the British Library. Crown-copyright on documents in the Public Record Office is vested in the controller of Her Majesty's Stationery Office. Also, I acknowledge my enormous obligation to William S. Powell, editor of The Correspondence of William Tryon, for his contributions to my research. Not only did his two massive volumes of documents on Tryon's career guide me to collections on two continents, but also his careful attention to publishing all relevant papers held by the North Carolina Collection at the University of North Carolina and the North Carolina Division of Archives and History in Raleigh relieved me from having to do research in those important repositories. The value of his collection for me is revealed by the numerous references to it in the notes of my book.
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