THURGOOD MARSHALL
Thurgood Marshall was an Associate Justice of the US Supreme Court from 1967 to 1991. He was the first African American to hold that position, and was one of the most influential legal actors of his time. Before being appointed to the Supreme Court by President Lyndon Johnson, Marshall was a lawyer for the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP), Federal Judge (19611965), and Solicitor General of the United States (19651966). Marshall won 29 of 32 cases before the Supreme Courtmost notably the landmark case of Brown v. Board of Education, which held segregated public schools unconstitutional. Marshall spent his career fighting racial segregation and legal inequality, and his time on the Court establishing a record for supporting the voiceless American. He left a legacy of change that still affects American society today.
Through this concise biography, accompanied by primary sources that present Marshall in his own words, students will learn what Marshall did (and did not do) during his life, why those actions were important, and what effects his efforts had on the larger course of American history.
Charles L. Zelden is Professor of History at Nova Southeastern University. He is the author of many books, including Bush v. Gore: Exposing the Hidden Crisis in American Democracy and The Supreme Court and Elections Into the Political Thicket.
ROUTLEDGE HISTORICAL AMERICANS
SERIES EDITOR: PAUL FINKELMAN, ALBANY LAW SCHOOL
Routledge Historical Americans is a series of short, vibrant biographies that illuminate the lives of Americans who have had an impact on the world. Each book includes a short overview of the persons life and puts that person into historical context through essential primary documents, written both by the subjects and about them. A series website supports the books, containing extra images and documents, links to further research, and where possible, multi-media sources on the subjects. Perfect for including in any course on American History, the books in the Routledge Historical Americans series show the impact everyday people can have on the course of history.
Woody Guthrie: Writing Americas Songs
Ronald D. Cohen
Frederick Douglass: Reformer and Statesman
L. Diane Barnes
Thurgood Marshall: Race, Rights, and the Struggle for a More Perfect Union
Charles L. Zelden
Forthcoming:
Harry S. Truman: The Coming of the Cold War
Nicole Anslover
Sojourner Truth: Prophet of Social Justice
Isabelle Kinnard Richman
Joe Louis: Sports and Race in Twentieth Century America
Marcy Sacks
John F. Kennedy: The Burdens of Cold War Liberalism
Jason Duncan
Woodrow Wilson: Progressive President or Moral Crusader?
Kelly A. Woestman
THURGOOD MARSHALL
RACE, RIGHTS, AND THE STRUGGLE FOR A MORE
PERFECT UNION
CHARLES L. ZELDEN
www.routledge.com/cw/HistoricalAmericans
First published 2013
by Routledge
711 Third Avenue, New York, NY 10017
Simultaneously published in the UK
by Routledge
2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN
Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business
2013 Taylor & Francis
The right of Charles L. Zelden to be identified as author of this work has been asserted by him in accordance with sections 77 and 78 of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988.
All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilized in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers.
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Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data
Zelden, Charles L., 1963
Thurgood Marshall : race, rights, and the struggle for a more perfect union / Charles L. Zelden.
pages cm. (Routledge historical Americans)
Includes bibliographical references and index.
1. Marshall, Thurgood, 19081993. 2. JudgesUnited StatesBiography. 3. African American judgesBiography. 4. United States. Supreme CourtBiography. 5. African AmericansCivil rightsHistory. 6. United StatesRace relationsHistory. I. Title.
KF8745.M34Z45 2013
347.732634dc23
[B]
2012042039
ISBN: 978-0-415-50642-7 (hbk)
ISBN: 978-0-415-50643-4 (pbk)
ISBN: 978-0-203-08164-8 (ebk)
Typeset in Minion and Scala
by EvS Communication Networx, Inc.
CONTENTS
No book is written alone. There are always those whose encouragement and support make the writing process possible. This book is no exception. Many individuals have aided me in the completion of this book. And I am grateful to all for their help and support.
My colleagues in the Division of Humanities at Nova Southeastern University provided not only moral support but a ready ear, a welcoming shoulder, and a critical perceptiveness as I wrote. I am especially thankful to the Director of the Division of Humanities, Marlisa Santos, the division staff (Santa Alimonte, Dotty Hayes-Dipol, and Natalie Hernandez) and to Professors Stephen Levitt, Gary Gershman, David Kilroy, Michelina Carbonara, Nelson Bass, and Tim Dixon. Tim Dixon also read over each of the chapters and his comments proved most helpful as I revised and polished the book. I am similarly grateful for the financial support and ongoing encouragement of Dean Don Rosenblum of the Farquhar College of Arts and Sciences.
Thanks to Kurt Hagan for his research assistance. Thanks also to the many students Ive taught over the last two years who have had to suffer through many a Thurgood Marshall story no matter what the actual topic of the class. I am also grateful to Chris Schmidt of the Chicago-Kent Law School for allowing access to his work in progress on the NAACP and the sit-in movement. Thanks as well to Lia Hemphill and the reference librarians at the Alvin Sherman Library and Research Center at NSU for their help in gaining access to essential online databases during my research for the book.
Various lecture series at NSU allowed me the chance to present sections of the book as I wrote them. In particular I am grateful to the organizers and audiences of the Farquhar College of Arts and Sciences Faculty Lecture Series, the Faculty Symposium of the Farquhar College of Arts and Sciences and the Life Long Learning Institute of Nova Southeastern University for the opportunity to share my work and especially for the feedback they offered.
Series editor Paul Finkelman provided valuable research advice and suggested edits on the manuscript. The result is a much better book. Thanks also to the Routledge editorial, production, and marketing staffs, in particular Senior Editor Kimberly Guinta.
Richard B. Bernsteincolleague, friend, and partner in crimenot only provided essential moral and technical support, he read and commented on every word in this book, often more than once. Our ongoing conversations comparing Marshalls life and works with those of John Adams (whom Richard was then writing about) enriched my understanding of Marshallespecially his extraordinary relationship to the law. Without Richards help, whatever quality this book has achieved would have been vastly diminished.