Bruce Schneier - Data and Goliath: The Hidden Battles to Collect Your Data and Control Your World
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Data and Goliath: The Hidden Battles to Collect Your Data and Control Your World: summary, description and annotation
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You are under surveillance right now.
Your cell phone provider tracks your location and knows whos with you. Your online and in-store purchasing patterns are recorded, and reveal if youre unemployed, sick, or pregnant. Your e-mails and texts expose your intimate and casual friends. Google knows what youre thinking because it saves your private searches. Facebook can determine your sexual orientation without you ever mentioning it.
The powers that surveil us do more than simply store this information. Corporations use surveillance to manipulate not only the news articles and advertisements we each see, but also the prices were offered. Governments use surveillance to discriminate, censor, chill free speech, and put people in danger worldwide. And both sides share this information with each other or, even worse, lose it to cybercriminals in huge data breaches.
Much of this is voluntary: we cooperate with corporate surveillance because it promises us convenience, and we submit to government surveillance because it promises us protection. The result is a mass surveillance society of our own making. But have we given up more than weve gained? In Data and Goliath, security expert Bruce Schneier offers another path, one that values both security and privacy. He shows us exactly what we can do to reform our government surveillance programs and shake up surveillance-based business models, while also providing tips for you to protect your privacy every day. Youll never look at your phone, your computer, your credit cards, or even your car in the same way again.
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SELECTEDBOOKSBYBRUCESCHNEIER
CarryOn:SoundAdvicefromSchneieronSecurity(2013)
LiarsandOutliers:EnablingtheTrustThatSocietyNeedstoThrive(2012) SchneieronSecurity(2008)
BeyondFear:ThinkingSensiblyaboutSecurityinanUncertainWorld(2003) SecretsandLies:DigitalSecurityinaNetworkedWorld(2000)
AppliedCryptography:Protocols,Algorithms,andSourceCodeinC(1994and1996) ToKaren:DMASC
Contents
Ifyouneedtobeconvincedthatyourelivinginascience-fictionworld,lookatyourcell phone.Thiscute,sleek,incrediblypowerfultoolhasbecomesocentraltoourlivesthat wetakeitforgranted.Itseemsperfectlynormaltopullthisdeviceoutofyourpocket,no matterwhereyouareontheplanet,anduseittotalktosomeoneelse,nomatterwherethe personisontheplanet.
Yeteverymorningwhenyouputyourcellphoneinyourpocket,youremakingan implicitbargainwiththecarrier:Iwanttomakeandreceivemobilecalls;inexchange,I allowthiscompanytoknowwhereIamatalltimes.Thebargainisntspecifiedinany contract,butitsinherentinhowtheserviceworks.Youprobablyhadntthoughtaboutit, butnowthatIvepointeditout,youmightwellthinkitsaprettygoodbargain.Cell phonesreallyaregreat,andtheycantworkunlessthecellphonecompaniesknowwhere youare,whichmeanstheykeepyouundertheirsurveillance.
Thisisaveryintimateformofsurveillance.Yourcellphonetrackswhereyouliveand whereyouwork.Ittrackswhereyouliketospendyourweekendsandevenings.Ittracks howoftenyougotochurch(andwhichchurch),howmuchtimeyouspendinabar,and whetheryouspeedwhenyoudrive.Ittrackssinceitknowsaboutalltheotherphonesin yourareawhomyouspendyourdayswith,whomyoumeetforlunch,andwhomyou sleepwith.Theaccumulateddatacanprobablypaintabetterpictureofhowyouspend yourtimethanyoucan,becauseitdoesnthavetorelyonhumanmemory.In2012, researcherswereabletousethisdatatopredictwherepeoplewouldbe 24hourslater,to within20meters.
Beforecellphones,ifsomeonewantedtoknowallofthis,hewouldhavehadtohirea privateinvestigatortofollowyouaroundtakingnotes.Nowthatjobisobsolete;thecell phoneinyourpocketdoesallofthisautomatically.Itmightbethatnooneretrievesthat information,butitisthereforthetaking.
Yourlocationinformationisvaluable,andeveryonewantsaccesstoit.Thepolice wantit.Cellphonelocationanalysisisusefulincriminalinvestigationsinseveraldifferent ways.Thepolicecanpingaparticularphonetodeterminewhereitis,usehistoricaldata todeterminewhereithasbeen,andcollectallthecellphonelocationdatafromaspecific areatofigureoutwhowasthereandwhen.Moreandmore,policeareusingthisdatafor exactlythesepurposes.
Governmentsalsousethissamedataforintimidationandsocialcontrol.In2014,the governmentofUkrainesentthispositivelyOrwelliantextmessagetopeopleinKiev whosephoneswereatacertainplaceduringacertaintimeperiod:Dearsubscriber,you havebeenregisteredasaparticipantinamassdisturbance.Dontthinkthisbehavioris limitedtototalitariancountries;in2010,Michiganpolicesoughtinformationaboutevery cellphoneinservicenearanexpectedlaborprotest.Theydidntbothergettingawarrant first.
Theresawholeindustrydevotedtotrackingyouinrealtime.Companiesuseyour phonetotrackyouinstorestolearnhowyoushop,trackyouontheroadtodetermine howcloseyoumightbetoaparticularstore,anddeliveradvertisingtoyourphonebased onwhereyouarerightnow.
Yourlocationdataissovaluablethatcellphonecompaniesarenowsellingittodata brokers,whointurnresellittoanyonewillingtopayforit.CompanieslikeSense Networksspecializeinusingthisdatatobuildpersonalprofilesofeachofus.
Phonecompaniesarenottheonlysourceofcellphonedata.TheUScompanyVerint sellscellphonetrackingsystemstobothcorporationsandgovernmentsworldwide.The companyswebsitesaysthatitsagloballeaderinActionableIntelligencesolutionsfor customerengagementoptimization,securityintelligence,andfraud,riskandcompliance,
withclientsinmorethan10,000organizationsinover180countries.TheUKcompany Cobhamsellsasystemthatallowssomeonetosendablindcalltoaphoneonethat doesntring,andisntdetectable.Theblindcallforcesthephonetotransmitonacertain frequency,allowingthesendertotrackthatphonetowithinonemeter.Thecompany boastsgovernmentcustomersinAlgeria,Brunei,Ghana,Pakistan,SaudiArabia, Singapore,andtheUnitedStates.Defentek,acompanymysteriouslyregisteredin Panama,sellsasystemthatcanlocateandtrackanyphonenumberintheworld
undetectedandunknownbythenetwork,carrier,orthetarget.Itsnotanidleboast; telecommunicationsresearcherTobiasEngeldemonstratedthesamethingatahacker conferencein2008.Criminalsdothesametoday.
Allthislocationtrackingisbasedonthecellularsystem.Theresanotherentirely differentandmoreaccuratelocationsystembuiltintoyoursmartphone:GPS.Thisiswhat provideslocationdatatothevariousappsrunningonyourphone.Someappsuselocation datatodeliverservice:GoogleMaps,Uber,Yelp.Others,likeAngryBirds,justwanttobe abletocollectandsellit.
Youcandothis,too.HelloSpyisanappthatyoucansurreptitiouslyinstallon someoneelsessmartphonetotrackher.Perfectforananxiousmomwantingtospyonher teenageroranabusivemanwantingtospyonhiswifeorgirlfriend.Employershave usedappslikethistospyontheiremployees.
TheUSNationalSecurityAgency(NSA)anditsUKcounterpart,Government
CommunicationsHeadquarters(GCHQ),uselocationdatatotrackpeople.TheNSA collectscellphonelocationdatafromavarietyofsources:thecelltowersthatphones connectto,thelocationofWi-Finetworksthatphoneslogonto,andGPSlocationdata fromInternetapps.TwooftheNSAsinternaldatabases,code-namedHAPPYFOOTand FASCIA,containcomprehensivelocationinformationofdevicesworldwide.TheNSA usesthedatabasestotrackpeoplesmovements,identifypeoplewhoassociatewithpeople ofinterest,andtargetdronestrikes.
TheNSAcanallegedlytrackcellphonesevenwhentheyareturnedoff.
Ivejustbeentalkingaboutlocationinformationfromonesourceyourcellphone
buttheissueisfarlargerthanthis.Thecomputersyouinteractwithareconstantly producingintimatepersonaldataaboutyou.Itincludeswhatyouread,watch,andlisten to.Itincludeswhomyoutalktoandwhatyousay.Ultimately,itcoverswhatyoure thinkingabout,atleasttotheextentthatyourthoughtsleadyoutotheInternetandsearch engines.Wearelivinginthegoldenageofsurveillance.
SunMicrosystemsCEOScottMcNealysaiditplainlywaybackin1999:Youhave zeroprivacyanyway.Getoverit.Heswrongabouthowweshouldreacttosurveillance, ofcourse,buthesrightthatitsbecomingharderandhardertoavoidsurveillanceand maintainprivacy.
Surveillanceisapoliticallyandemotionallyloadedterm,butIuseitdeliberately.The USmilitarydefinessurveillanceassystematicobservation.AsIllexplain,modern-day electronicsurveillanceisexactlythat.Wereallopenbookstobothgovernmentsand corporations;theirabilitytopeerintoourcollectivepersonallivesisgreaterthanithas everbeenbefore.
Thebargainyoumake,againandagain,withvariouscompaniesissurveillancein exchangeforfreeservice.GoogleschairmanEricSchmidtanditsdirectorofideasJared Cohenlaiditoutintheir2013book, TheNewDigitalAge.HereImparaphrasingtheir message:ifyouletushaveallyourdata,wewillshowyouadvertisementsyouwantto seeandwellthrowinfreewebsearch,e-mail,andallsortsofotherservices.Its convenience,basically.Wearesocialanimals,andtheresnothingmorepowerfulor rewardingthancommunicatingwithotherpeople.Digitalmeanshavebecometheeasiest andquickestwaytocommunicate.Andwhydoweallowgovernmentsaccess?Because wefeartheterrorists,fearthestrangersabductingourchildren,fearthedrugdealers,fear whateverbadguyisinvogueatthemoment.ThatstheNSAsjustificationforitsmasssurveillanceprograms;ifyouletushaveallofyourdata,wellrelieveyourfear.
Theproblemisthatthesearentgoodorfairbargains,atleastastheyrestructured today.Wevebeenacceptingthemtooeasily,andwithoutreallyunderstandingtheterms.
Hereiswhatstrue.Todaystechnologygivesgovernmentsandcorporationsrobust capabilitiesformasssurveillance.Masssurveillanceisdangerous.Itenables discriminationbasedonalmostanycriteria:race,religion,class,politicalbeliefs.Itis beingusedtocontrolwhatwesee,whatwecando,and,ultimately,whatwesay.Itis beingdonewithoutofferingcitizensrecourseoranyrealabilitytooptout,andwithout anymeaningfulchecksandbalances.Itmakesuslesssafe.Itmakesuslessfree.Therules wehadestablishedtoprotectusfromthesedangersunderearliertechnologicalregimes arenowwoefullyinsufficient;theyarenotworking.Weneedtofixthat,andweneedto doitverysoon.
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