The underlying fraud in big-time college athletics is academics. With the most comprehensive accounting, Smith and Willingham paint an absolutely devastating picture of how so-called student-athletes are shamelessly exploited.... Cheated is nothing less than an American tragedy.
This book informed me that, as a black athlete and a student, more awareness and information about the universities you attend must be thoroughly analyzed before making a decision about your future. The details of fraudulent education and unprepared black athletes in this book should shame our society. I am a living testimony that this book is the Pandoras box of university secrets and black athlete exploitation. It is a must-read.
Smith and Willinghams expos of the corruption at the University of North Carolina reads like a suspense thriller but unfortunately is nonfiction. The authors offer concrete recommendations for college sports reform that should serve as a blueprint for all American universities.
Gerald Gurney, president of the Drake Group and assistant professor of adult and higher education at the University of Oklahoma
Cheated
The UNC Scandal, the Education of Athletes, and the Future of Big-Time College Sports
Jay M. Smith and Mary Willingham
Potomac Books
An imprint of the University of Nebraska Press
2015 by Jay M. Smith and Mary Willingham
Cover image iStockphoto.com/BradCalkins
Author photo courtesy of authors
All rights reserved. Potomac Books is an imprint of the University of Nebraska Press.
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Smith, Jay M.
Cheated: the UNC scandal, the education of athletes, and the future of big-time college sports / Jay M. Smith, Mary Willingham.
pages cm
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 9781-612347288 (hardback: alk. paper)
ISBN 9781-612347479 (epub)
ISBN 9781-612347486 (mobi)
ISBN 9781-612347493 (pdf)
1. University of North Carolina at Chapel HillSports. 2. Cheating (Education)North CarolinaChapel Hill. 3. AthletesEducationNorth CarolinaChapel Hill. 4. Universities and collegesCorrupt practicesUnited States. 5. College sportsCorrupt practicesNorth CarolinaChapel Hill. 6. College sportsMoral and ethical aspectsNorth CarolinaChapel Hill. 7. College sportsCorrupt practicesUnited States. 8. College sportsUnited StatesAdministration. 9. National Collegiate Athletic Association. I. Willingham, Mary. II. Title.
GV 691. U 57 S 65 2015
796.04'309756565dc23
2014042237
The publisher does not have any control over and does not assume any responsibility for author or third-party websites or their content.
To the memory of Bill Friday
and to UNC athletes of the past, present, and future
Contents
In the course of researching and writing this book, we accumulated many debts to generous individuals. Jonathan Weiler, David Rice, Fitz Brundage, William Ferris, Jim Woodrow, and Alyssa Smith provided invaluable feedback on early draft chapters. Richard Southall, the director of the College Sport Research Institute at the University of South Carolina, allowed us to draw on his expertise on college sport and its history on many occasions both before and after his migration from Chapel Hill to Columbia. Active members of the Athletic Reform Group at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill ( UNC )including especially Willis Brooks, Lewis Margolis, Silvia Tomskov, Rudi Colloredo-Mansfeld, Hassan Melehy, George Baroff, Richard Cramer, and Miles Fletcherfurnished encouragement, occasional reality checks, and an important sounding board (as did ARG member Jonathan Weiler on occasions too numerous to recall). Harry Watson, Michael Hunt, Madeline Levine, Elliot Cramer, Bob Orr, Sarah Shields, Frank Baumgartner, Joseph Lowman, Peggy Bush, Mark Witcher, Melinda Manning, Richard Kwok, Norman Allard, David Kiel, Bob Reinheimer, Patti Reinheimer, Virginia Taylor, and John Shelton Reed offered vital moral support at critical junctures in the books evolution. Hodding Carter bucked us up whenever the going got tough, which was more often than we would have liked. Taylor Branch provided kind words and his own inspiring model of righteous indignation. Philip Jackson and the Black Star Project invited Mary Willingham to join their crusade to erase the educational achievement gap in Americas schools. Allen Sack, Gerald Gurney, David Ridpath, and Kadie Otto shared the great benefits of their wisdom and long experience with athletic reform, and the Drake Group as a whole helped to keep us afloat during difficult times.
By keeping the story of the UNC scandal alive through his persistent reporting, Dan Kane of the Raleigh News & Observer ( N&O ) provided a platform for all who demanded accountability from the university. Sarah Lyall, Frank Deford, Sara Ganim, Pat Forde, Joe Nocera, and Paul Barrett saw the importance of the UNC story, and by directing their attention to itand to usthey helped to convince us of the potential value of this book. The many people who agreed to sit down for interviewssome of them identified in these pages and some notgive the book much of its context and color, and we thank each one of them for coming forward. UNC alumni who shall remain anonymousbut you know who you arelifted our spirits, gave living proof of the power of a UNC education, and reminded us often of the institutional imperative to tell the truth. The helpful staff at the University Archives at UNC Chapel Hill helped us to navigate the records of the College of Arts and Sciences, and they responded to every request with smiles and efficiency.
The late William Friday went out of his way to encourage us both. And as a defender of academic integrity who enjoyed sports and supported athletes, he set an example of balanced and careful analysis that continues to inspire.
The most helpful individuals of all were our spouses, Deb Smith and Chuck Willingham, who first shared our sense of outrage and then traveled with us through the peaks and valleys of a long writing process, showing amazing patience and fortitude along the way. This book would never have seen the light of day without their support and forbearance, and we are happy to have the chance at last to send them a permanent expression of our love and gratitude.
The Scandal beneath the Scandals
During a summer session sometime between 2003 and 2013, a senior football player for the University of North Carolina Tar Heels scrambled to get his grade point average ( GPA ) over the eligibility bar in time for the fall playing season. By taking a series of mismatched and notoriously easy courses, he managed to make the grade. One of the fruits of his efforts, however, was a seriously daunting fall course schedule. His schedule was daunting because, though he still clearly hoped to graduate, his advisers had put off until his senior year his basic math, science, and foreign-language requirements. These were some of the most challenging courses he would need to pass in order to collect his UNC diploma. (Indeed, he had already tried and failed the math and science courses for which he was now enrolled for a second time.) Heading into his senior year, it looked very unlikely that this player would ever play a down in the National Football League ( NFL ); it looked nearly as unlikely that he would ever leave Chapel Hill with a degree in hand. This particular scholarship athlete should be outraged by the way his education was managed. His experience should also trouble every sports fan in America.