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Kristin L. Hoganson - The Heartland: An American History

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Kristin L. Hoganson The Heartland: An American History
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A history of a quintessentially American place - the rural and small town heartland -- that uncovers deep yet hidden currents of connection with the world.
When Kristin L. Hoganson arrived in Champaign, Illinois, after teaching at Harvard, studying at Yale, and living in the D.C. metro area with various stints overseas, she expected to find her new home, well, isolated. Even provincial. After all, she had landed in the American heartland, a place where the nations identity exists in its pristine form. Or so we have been taught to believe. Struck by the gap between reputation and reality, she determined to get to the bottom of history and myth. The deeper she dug into the making of the modern heartland, the wider her story became as she realized that shed uncovered an unheralded crossroads of people, commerce, and ideas. But the really interesting thing, Hoganson found, was that over the course of American history, even as the regions connections with the rest of the planet became increasingly dense and intricate, the idea of the rural Midwest as a steadfast heartland became a stronger and more stubbornly immovable myth. In enshrining a symbolic heart, the American people have repressed the kinds of stories that Hoganson tells, of sweeping breadth and depth and soul.
InThe Heartland, Kristin L. Hoganson drills deep into the center of the country, only to find a global story in the resulting core sample. Deftly navigating the disconnect between history and myth, she tracks both the backstory of this region and the evolution of the idea of an unalloyed heart at the center of the land. A provocative and highly original work of historical scholarship,The Heartlandspeaks volumes about pressing preoccupations, among them identity and community, immigration and trade, and security and global power. And food. To read it is to be inoculated against using the word heartland unironically ever again.

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ALSO BY KRISTIN L HOGANSON American Empire at the Turn of the Twentieth - photo 1
ALSO BY KRISTIN L. HOGANSON

American Empire at the Turn of the Twentieth Century

Consumers Imperium

Fighting for American Manhood

PENGUIN PRESS An imprint of Penguin Random House LLC penguinrandomhousecom - photo 2

PENGUIN PRESS

An imprint of Penguin Random House LLC

penguinrandomhouse.com

Copyright 2019 by Kristin L. Hoganson

Penguin supports copyright. Copyright fuels creativity, encourages diverse voices, promotes free speech, and creates a vibrant culture. Thank you for buying an authorized edition of this book and for complying with copyright laws by not reproducing, scanning, or distributing any part of it in any form without permission. You are supporting writers and allowing Penguin to continue to publish books for every reader.

Portions of this book appeared as Meat in the Middle: Converging Borderlands in the U.S. Midwest, 1835-1900 in Journal of American History 98 (March 2012): 1025-1051 and Struggles for Place and Space: Kickapoo Traces from the Midwest to Mexico, in Transnational Indians in the North American West, Andrae M. Marak, Clarissa Confer, and Laura Tuennerman, eds., College Station: Texas A&M Press, 2015.

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Names: Hoganson, Kristin L., author.

Title: The heartland : an American history / Kristin L. Hoganson.

Description: New York : Penguin Press, 2019. | Includes bibliographical references and index.

Identifiers: LCCN 2018060308 (print) | LCCN 2019001019 (ebook) | ISBN 9780525561620 (ebook) | ISBN 9781594203572 (hardcover)

Subjects: LCSH: Middle West--History. | Middle West--Civilization. | Group identity--Middle West. | Human geography--Middle West.

Classification: LCC F351 (ebook) | LCC F351 .H75 2019 (print) | DDC 977--dc23 LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2018060308

Map infographic () by Meighan Cavanaugh

Version_1

To the seven generations of my family who have called the heartland home. And in recognition of the first peoples of the tallgrass prairie and their descendants, among them those who struggle for the right to return.

An 1893 map of Champaign County carved from Vermilion County in 1833 on - photo 3

An 1893 map of Champaign County, carved from Vermilion County in 1833 on traditional lands of the Peoria, Kaskaskia, Piankashaw, Weea, Miami, Mascouten, Odawa, Sauk, Mesquakie, Potawatomi, Ojibwe, Chickasaw, and Kickapoo Nations.

In the middle of everywhere Champaign County Illinois Top circle - photo 4

In the middle of everywhere: Champaign County, Illinois.

Top circle Rantoul the home of the Chanute aviation field later Chanute Air - photo 5

Top circle: Rantoul, the home of the Chanute aviation field (later Chanute Air Force Base), established in 1917.

Center circle The Illinois Central Railroad speedway to the Caribbean and - photo 6

Center circle: The Illinois Central Railroad: speedway to the Caribbean and, via Chicago, to the East Coast and Europe.

Bottom circle West Urbana later renamed Champaign grew on the outskirts of - photo 7

Bottom circle: West Urbana (later renamed Champaign) grew on the outskirts of Urbana following the 1854 arrival of the Illinois Central Railroad.

Upon the organization of Champaign County, the town of Urbana became its seat.

CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION
WHAT IS THE NATION, AT HEART?

What is the nation, at heart? Who do Americans think they are, as a people? As a nation of many peoples and multiple faiths, assembled from a variety of disparate regions, further divisible into fifty semiautonomous states, over 560 federally recognized Native American polities, a handful of far-flung territories, and the District of Columbia, the United States may seem more a crazy quilt than a body with a heart. Fractured by partisan politics and competing interests, bitter antagonisms and knife-sharp divides, bloody conflicts and histories of soul-wrenching violence, the nation at its starkest seems patched together from a motley mess of parts, held together by straining stitches at their borders.

And yet Americans persist in imagining a heart. Beset by disunity, they imagine their nation as a body with a protected, essential core: the heartland. With the term referring to values as much as to place, its boundaries are a matter of dispute. Though quibbles persist, most mappings of the heartland place it somewhere between the Appalachian states of the East and Rocky Mountain states of the West, with the long North-South state of Illinois near its core.

Though ostensibly a geographic center, the heartland serves as a symbolic center in national mythologies. Including border states such as Minnesota and Michigan, the heartland could be seen as readily as an edge. But the other moniker for this regionthe Midwestplaces it between the East and far West, rather than between Canada and Mexico. Instead of being construed as a place of connection, much less a wellspring of global power, the U.S. heartland is more often seen as static and inward-looking, the quintessential home referenced by homeland security, the steadfast stronghold of the nation in an age of mobility and connectedness, the crucible of resistance to the global, the America of America First. Walls might be built on the margins, but the impetus for them putatively comes from here.

References to the heartland tend to depict it as buffered and all-American: white, rural, and rooted, full of aging churchgoers, conservative voters, corn, and pigs. Those who have denounced this stereotype as a gross distortion, invoking cities like Chicago as proof, have not refuted the myth, they have only tied it to rural areas dotted with small towns. This pastoral heartland is a place of nostalgic yearnings. It is the garden of prelapsarian innocence before the fall into global entanglements. Critics view the rural heartland in grimmer terms, seeing it as a holdout of compulsory normativity, exclusionary politics, and national exceptionalism. Flyover jokes deride it as a provincial wasteland. Out of touch, out of date, out of stylethe heartland is the place that makes isolationism seem possible, the place where people think it desirable.

Americans may not agree on who they are as a whole, but they think they know the nature of their heart. Local. Insulated. Exceptionalist. Isolationist. Provincial. The ultimate safe space. Love it or hate it, the heartland lies at the center of national mythology. This mythology seems so natural and inevitable, the inexorable outcome of history and geography, that it is easy to forget that the heartland myth emerged only in the mid-twentieth century, from the crucible of total war.

THE ORIGINS OF THE HEARTLAND MYTH

Coined by British geographer Sir Halford Mackinder in 1904, the term heartland initially encapsulated the idea of central Europe as a geostrategic pivot point. In opposition to prevailing theories that saw naval power as the key to global power, Mackinder argued that whoever controlled the Eurasian heartland would control the world. The efforts of Adolf Hitler and his Nazi war machine to prove Mackinders theory right brought the word

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