Douglas Valentine - The Strength of the Wolf: The Secret History of Americas War on Drugs

First published by Verso 2004
This edition published by Verso 2006
Douglas Valentine
All rights reserved

The moral rights of the authors and translators have been asserted

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eISBN: 978-1-78168-338-5

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v3.1

to Alice,
with love

Acampora, Colonel Tulius US Army counterintelligence officer assigned to Rome and Saigon; confidant of Charles Siragusa and Henry Manfredi; friend of Andrew Tartaglino, Michael Picini, Fred Dick and John Cusack.

Amato, Joseph Joined the FBN before the Second World War; was the original leader of the International Group and its forerunner, the Mafia Squad; was the respected and knowledgeable leader of Enforcement Group Four in New York until his transfer to Boston in 1964.

Angleton, James J. Worked with George White and Charlie Siragusa in the OSS; was chief of counterintelligence at the CIA, and in that capacity was the CIAs liaison to FBN agents Charlie Siragusa and Hank Manfredi; was also in touch with the Mafia through labor lawyer Mario Brod, and, through his staff, with the Israeli intelligence service, the Mossad.

Anslinger, Harry J. Employee of the Pennsylvania Railroad Police; joined the State Department in 1918, served at the Hague, in Hamburg, Venezuela and Bermuda; brought by his wifes uncle, Andrew Mellon, into the Treasury Department in 1926 as chief of the Prohibition Units Division of Foreign Control; Commissioner of the Federal Bureau of Narcotics, 19301962. Shaped the FBNs policies and procedures in his own image.

Attie, James Honest, dedicated, much decorated undercover agent who worked alone in the Middle East, Europe, and Mexico, as well as Chicago and New York. Adversary of Anslinger and Charlie Siragusa; believed the Mossad was involved in drug trafficking.

Belk, George M. Joined the FBN in 1948; worked with Howard Chappell on an integrity case in Chicago; became district supervisor in Chicago in 1958; aligned with Henry Giordano against George Gaffney; became district supervisor in New York in 1963; managed the CIAs safehouse in New York, and became embroiled in Andy Tartaglinos anti-corruption investigation, 196768.

Benjamin, Mortimer L. Worked in New York on the French Connection, CastellaniBrown, and Nebbia cases, among others, and was a close friend and partner of Lenny Schrier, perhaps the FBNs most effective case-making agent.

Biase, Patrick Undercover agent in the Cotroni and Air France cases in Canada and France; member of the Gambling Squad and the GaffneyWardDolce clique that competed with Lenny Schrier in New York.

Bransky, Joseph Arrested Lucky Luciano in 1923 as a member of the Prohibition Units Narcotics Division; known as the dean of the FBNs district supervisors; served most of his career in Philadelphia.

Chappell, Howard W. A decorated OSS veteran; met Garland Williams at the OSS training school and was hired by Williams into the FBN in 1947; befriended by George White; served as an agent in Cleveland, New York, Houston, and Toledo, and as agent in charge in Los Angeles; made many undercover cases in Mexico; resigned rather than accept a transfer to New York in 1961.

Coursey, John T. Very successful undercover agent in New York for many years; responsible with Jack Peterson for the panic of 1962.

Cunningham, George W. Agent in the 1920s in many locations, and in the FBN served as district supervisor in New Orleans and New York; would finance undercover agents out of his own pocket; friend of vice president Alben Barkley; respected Deputy Commissioner of the FBN from 1949 until his death in 1958; Anslingers liaison to the Democrats on Capitol Hill.

Cusack, John T. Accompanied Charlie Siragusa to Rome in 1951; leader of the Court House Squad in New York; district supervisor in Atlanta, Rome, and Kansas City; later chief of foreign operations at FBN headquarters.

Davis, William B. Outstanding undercover agent in New York, Detroit, and Europe; resigned from the FBN in 1959 over Anslingers policies toward Black agents and addicts; joined the United States Information Agency.

DeFauw, Robert J. Talented agent, started in Chicago; assigned to Marseilles in 1965; participated in many important cases across Europe.

Dick, Fred T. Agent in New York and Kansas City until 1958, then field inspector investigating agent wrongdoing; participated in Lee Speers thwarted investigation of agent wrongdoing in New York in 1961; a Giordano loyalist, he replaced Chappell as agent in charge of Los Angeles and later replaced George White as district supervisor in San Francisco.

Dolce, John M. Always in New York as an agent, as leader of Enforcement Group Three, and as enforcement assistant to George Belk until his transfer to Miami in 1965, after which he quit the FBN; instrumental in the Cotroni case with his mentor, Pat Ward and his friend, Patty Biase; Lenny Schriers archrival.

Dolce, Frank Well-liked veteran of the Second World War; John Dolces brother; a member of the Gambling Squad and Group Three; later joined the Nassau County Sheriffs office and was arrested with his partner Jack Gohde for selling heroin.

Dunagan, Richard J. Started his career as a Spanish-speaking federal agent in the Border Patrol, then joined the FBN in Miami; in 1964 was the third FBN agent assigned to Mexico.

Durkin, William J. Joined the FBN in Pennsylvania; agent in charge in Pittsburgh; was George Belks enforcement assistant in Chicago starting in 1958; did a review of Lee Speers corruption investigation in New York in late 1961, and exonerated the New York agents; opened the FBNs first office in Mexico City in 1962 and remained there until 1967.

Dyar, Charles B. Joined the State Department in 1906; met Anslinger at the Hague in 1918; served in the Narcotics Division of the Prohibition Unit; recruited by Anslinger into the Flying Squad of the Division of Foreign Control; recruited by Anslinger into the FBN in 1930 to run European operations; worked briefly for Customs, back into the FBN, then to the OSS, back to the FBN; no records about his service after 1947.

Enright, John R. Agent in New York; managed the Genovese case at the Court House Squad; district supervisor in Atlanta; consultant to the McClellan Committee; acting district supervisor in New York; the FBNs assistant for enforcement at headquarters under Henry Giordano.

Evans, John G. Agent and enforcement assistant under district supervisor Ross Ellis in Detroit and a member of Detroits Purple Gang; district supervisor in Atlanta; a member of Andy Tartaglinos Task Force that investigated agent corruption in New York in 1968.