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Robert Stevenson - Australias First Campaign: The Capture of German New Guinea, 1914

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ABBREVIATIONS

AAHUAustralian Army History Unit
AAIMAustralian Army Infantry Museum, Singleton
AIFAustralian Imperial Force
ANMEFAustralian Naval and Military Expeditionary Force
AWMAustralian War Memorial
CMGCompanion of the Most Distinguished Order of Saint Michael and Saint George
CNFCommonwealth Naval Forces
COCommanding Officer of a ship or unit
DSODistinguished Service Order
HMSHis Majestys Ship
HMASHis Majestys Australian Ship
KCBKnight Commander of the Most Honourable Oder of the Bath
KCMGKnight Commander of the Most Distinguished Order of Saint Michael and Saint George
KCVOKnight Commander of the Royal Victorian Order
KGSImperial Government Ship (Kaiserliches Gouvernement Schiff)
LCLibrary of Congress
MCMilitary Cross
NAANational Archives of Australia
MIDMention/ed in Despatches
NCO/snon-commissioned officer/s
NLANational Library of Australia
OCOfficer Commanding a sub-unit
PMOPrincipal Medical Officer
P&OPeninsula and Orient
RANRoyal Australian Navy
RANRRoyal Australian Naval Reserve
RNRoyal Navy
RNRRoyal Naval Reserve
SLQState Library of Queensland
SLSAState Library of South Australia
SMSHis Majestys Ship (Seiner Majestt Schiff)
SPC-ASea Power Centre Australia
SSSteam Ship
VCVictoria Cross
VDVolunteer Decoration
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

Many individuals have contributed to this publication. Researching Australias First Campaign took me across Australia and north to the islands that were once part of the German Empire. In Papua New Guinea (PNG), Mr Munden Bray from the Rabaul Historical Society kindly showed me through the societys museum and provided local knowledge on East New Britain. Melinda Sutherland and Greg Belford extended their special brand of hospitality in Port Moresby on the transit back from New Britain.

In Australia, the staffs of the Australian War Memorial (AWM), the National Archives of Australia (NAA) and the state libraries of New South Wales and Queensland were invariably friendly and helpful. Mr Kel Pearce, formerly of the Commonwealth War Graves Commission, provided background information on the Rabaul (Bita Paka) War Cemetery. Mr John Perryman, Director Strategic and Historical Studies at the Sea Power Centre Australia (SPC-A), facilitated my access to the centres holdings and authorised the use of many of the photographic images reproduced in this volume. Mr Chris Dale granted permission to use the Klewitz family photograph of Lieutenant Carl Klewitz, which appears on his German colonial uniforms website. The University of Newcastle provided Thomas Rodonis photograph from its Rodoni Archive, which appears on the front cover of this volume. Dr Rhys Crawley generously shared the fruits of his research in the Admiralty records at The National Archives in London. Mr John Land, curator of the Australian Army Infantry Museum (AAIM) at Singleton, assisted with the identification of the British and German small arms and provided photographs of those weapons. My fellow history tragics, Ian Finlayson and Ric Pelvin, read the manuscript and saved me from a number of errors, as well as providing additional insights. All remaining faults and errors however, are mine.

As the first among equals, I owe the greatest debt to the Australian Army History Unit (AAHU). The AAHU supported the project through the Army Research Grants Scheme, providing me with the opportunity to travel to New Britain and conduct field research in 2016. My gratitude also extends to the AAHUs team of experts who have added so much to the finished product: Captain Anne Giles and Ms Sophie Jerapetritis for the project direction, Nick Anderson for the handy advice for a first-time campaigner, Corporal Kyla Morris for the maps, Cathy McCullagh for her editing and Denny Neave and the talented Big Sky Publishing team for the typesetting and book design. Finally, I owe much gratitude to my wife Rose for giving up her annual leave to accompany me to PNG, where she stomped through more muddy jungle and later provided her professional insights when proofreading the manuscript. I am grateful for the opportunity to tell the important story of the Australian militarys first campaign and to contribute to the Australian Army Campaign Series.

MEASUREMENTS
ImperialMetric
Length1 inch25.4 millimetres
1 foot = 12 inches0.305 metres
1 yard = 3 feet0.91 metre
1 mile = 5280 feet or 1760 yards1.61 kilometres
1 nautical mile = 6076 feet1.852 kilometres
Weight1 pound0.45 kilograms
14 pounds = 1 stone6.35 kilograms
1 imperial or long ton = 2240 pounds1.016 metric tonnes/1016 kilograms
Speed1 knot = 1 nautical mile per hour0.514 metres per second
PLACE NAMES
Name in 1914CurrentRemarks
Admiralitts-InselnAdmiralty Islands
Bismarck-ArchipelBismarck Archipelago
Bougainville-InselBougainville Island
KarolinenCarolines
Deutsch-KiautschouJiaozhou Bay
Deutsch-NeuguineaGerman New Guinea
HerbertshheKokopo
Kaiser WilhelmslandNorth-east New Guinea
MarianenMarianas
Marschall-InselnMarshall Islands
Neu-MecklenburgNew Ireland
Nue-PommernNew Britain
Pelew IslandsPalau
Pleasant IslandNauru
PonapePohnpei
Nrdliche Salomon-InselnAutonomous BougainvilleNorthern Solomon Islands
SimpsonhafenSimpson Harbour
TrukChuuk Lagoon
TsingtaoQingdao
APPENDIX 1
CHRONOLOGY
1883Queensland raises the British flag at Port Moresby on 4 April and unilaterally annexes the non-Dutch half of New Guinea. Britain quickly disavows the Queensland action.
1884
3 NovemberGerman New Guinea Company raises the German flag at Matupi Harbour, New Britain.
6 NovemberCommodore J. Erskine proclaims a British protectorate over the south coast of New Guinea (to become Papua).
19 DecemberGermany officially informs Britain of its actions in New Guinea.
1885Imperial letter of protection over German New Guinea issued on 17 May.
1898Reichstag ratifies the treaty officially placing Kiauchau, China, under German protection and establishes a naval base at Qingdao. German government takes over administration of New Guinea.
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