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Chris Enss - Iron Women: The Ladies Who Helped Build the Railroad

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When the last spike was hammered into the steel track of the Transcontinental Railroad on May 10, 1869, at Promontory Point, Utah, Western Union lines sounded the glorious news of the railroads completion from New York to San Francisco. For more than five years an estimated four thousand men mostly Irish working west from Omaha and Chinese working east from Sacramento, moved like a vast assembly line toward the end of the track. Editorials in newspapers and magazines praised the accomplishment and some boasted that the work that was begun, carried on, and completed solely by men. The August edition of Godeys Ladys Book even reported No woman had laid a rail and no woman had made a survey. Although the physical task of building the railroad had been achieved by men, women made significant and lasting contributions to the historic operation. However, the female connection with railroading dates as far back as 1838 when women were hired as registered nurses/stewardesses in passenger cars. Those ladies attended to the medical needs of travelers and also acted as hostesses of sorts helping passengers have a comfortable journey. Beyond nursing and service roles, however, women played a larger part in the actual creation of the rail lines than they have been given credit for. Miss E. F. Sawyer became the first female telegraph operator when she was hired by the Burlington Railroad in Montgomery, Illinois, in 1872. Eliza Murfey focused on the mechanics of the railroad, creating devices for improving the way bearings on a rail wheel attached to train cars responded to the axles. Murfey held sixteen patents for her 1870 invention. In 1879, another woman inventor named Mary Elizabeth Walton developed a system that deflected emissions from the smoke stacks on railroad locomotives. She was awarded two patents for her pollution reducing device. Their stories and many more are included in this illustrated volume celebrating women and the railroad.

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Chris Enss is a New York Times best-selling author who has been writing about women of the Old West for more than twenty years. She has penned more than forty published books on the subject. Her book titled Entertaining Ladies: Actresses, Singers, and Dancers in the Old West was a Spur Award finalist in 2017. Ensss book Mochis War: The Tragedy of the Sand Creek Massacre received the Will Rogers Medallion Award for best nonfiction Western for 2015. Her book titled Object Matrimony: The Risky Business of Mail Order Matchmaking on the Western Frontier won the Elmer Kelton Award for Best Nonfiction book of 2013. Ensss book Sam Sixkiller: Frontier Cherokee Lawman was named Outstanding Book on Oklahoma History by the Oklahoma Historical Society.

With a deep sense of gratitude, the author expresses her appreciation of the help given her by a number of interested women and men, among them being:

Claire Phillips at the California State Railroad Museum Library and Archives Department in Sacramento, California.

The Research Department at the Nevada County Historical Society in Nevada City, California.

The staff at the Nevada County Railroad Museum in Nevada City, California.

The archivists at Harpers Magazine.

The Society of California Pioneers.

Iris Hanney at Accessible Archives.

Mary Mathias at the National Academy of Engineering.

The staff at the Kansas Historical Society.

Paul Nelson at the National Railroad Museum in Green Bay, Wisconsin.

The staff at the Union Pacific Railroad Museum in Council Bluffs, Iowa.

The staff at the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad Museum in Baltimore, Maryland.

Stuart Rosebrook, editor for True West magazine.

And finally, to Erin Turner, editorial director at Rowman and Littlefield. Im grateful beyond words for her continual support and encouragement.

BOOKS

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Berke, Arnold. Mary Colter: Architect of the Southwest. New York: Princeton Architectural Press, 2002.

Best, Gerald M. Nevada County Narrow Gauge. Berkeley, CA: Howell-North Books, 1965.

Burman, Shirley. Shes Been Working on the Railroad. New York: Lodestar Books, 1997.

Churella, Albert J. The Pennsylvania Railroad, Volume 1: Building an Empire, 18461917 (American Business, Politics, and Society). Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2012.

Enss, Chris. Wicked Women: Notorious, Mischievous, and Wayward Ladies from the Old West. Guilford, CT: TwoDot, 2015.

Fitzsimons, Bernard. 150 Years of North American Railroads. Secaucus, NJ: Chartwell Books, 1982.

Fried, Stephen. Appetite for America: Fred Harvey and the Business of Civilizing the Wild WestOne Meal at a Time. New York: Bantam, 2011.

Gordon, Sarah H. Passage to Union: How the Railroads Transformed American Life, 18291929. Chicago: Ivan R. Dee, 1998.

Hartley, Florence. The Ladies Book of Etiquette and Manual of Politeness. London, England: Hesperus Press, 2015.

Hornung, Clarence P. Wheels across America. New York: A. S. Barnes and Company, 1959.

Jackson, Helen Hunt. Bits of Travel at Home: California, New England, Colorado. Boston: Robert Brothers Publishing, 1878.

Jepson, Thomas C. Ma Kiley: The Life of a Railroad Telegrapher. El Paso, Texas: Texas Western Press, 1997.

Johnston, Bob, and Joe Welsh. The Art of the Streamliner. New York: Metro Books, 2001.

Langtry, Lillie. The Days I Knew. New York: George H. Doran Company, 1925.

Leslie, Frank Mrs. California: A Pleasure Trip from Gotham to the Golden Gate, April, May, June 1877. New York: G. W. Carleton & Co. Publishers, 1877.

Logan, Andy. The Man Who Robbed the Robber Barons: The Story of Colonel William dAlton Mann: War Hero, Profiteer, Inventor and Blackmailer Extraordinary. New York: W. W. Norton, 1965.

Morley, Jim, and Doris Foley. Gold Cities: Grass Valley and Nevada City. Berkeley, CA: Howell-North Books, 1965.

Nash, Jay R. Encyclopedia of Western Lawmen and Outlaws. New York: First Paragon House, 1989.

Penny, Virginia. How Women Can Make Money. New York: Arno Press, 1870.

Phillips, Kate. Helen Hunt Jackson: A Literary Life. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2003.

Poling-Kempes, Lesley. The Harvey Girls: Women Who Opened the West. Cambridge, MA: Da Capo Press, 1989.

Rayburn, Richard, and Janet Hale. Our Fifty States. Garden Grove, CA: Teacher Created Resources, 1994.

Rees, Jonathan. Refrigeration Nation: A History of Ice, Appliances, and Enterprise in America (Studies in Industry and Society). Baltimore: John Hopkins University Press, 2016.

Reinhardt, Richard. Out West on the Overland Train: Across the Continent Excursion with Leslies Magazine in 1877 and the Overland Trip in 1967. Palo Alto, CA: The American West Publishing Company, 1967.

Rutter, Michael. Wild Bunch Women. Guilford, CT: TwoDot, 2003.

Selcer, Richard F. Hells Half Acre. Fort Worth: Texas Christian University Press, 1991.

Seymour, Bruce. Lola Montez: A Life. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1996.

Stern, Madeleine P. Purple Passage: The Life of Mrs. Frank Leslie. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1953.

Thomas, Taber T. The Delaware, Lackawanna & Western Railroad, the Route of Phoebe Snow, in the Twentieth Century, 18991960: Part One. Muncy, PA: T. T. Taber III, 1980.

Thompson, Thomas, and Albert West. History of Nevada County California. Berkeley, CA: Howell-North Books, 1880.

White, John H. The American Railroad Passenger Car, Part 2. Baltimore: John Hopkins University Press, 1978.

White, John H. The American Railroad Freight Car: From the Wood-Car Era to the Coming of Steel. Baltimore: John Hopkins University Press, 1983.

Williams III, George. The Red Light Ladies of Virginia City, Nevada. Carson City, NV: Tree by the River Publishing, 1984.

MAGAZINES, JOURNALS, AND OTHER SOURCES

Coolidge, Susan. A Few Hints on the California Journey. Scribners Monthly Magazine (May 1873).

Grand Canyon Outings, Santa Fe Train Adventures Pamphlet, June 1938.

Historical File, California State Railroad Museum.

Jepson, Thomas C. A Look into the Future: Women Railroad Telegraphers and Station Agents in Pennsylvania 18551960. Pennsylvania History: A Journal of Mid-Atlantic Studies 76, no. 2 (2009).

Kelly, John. Mary Colter: Her Life. Railroad Heritage (Spring 2015).

Kiley, Ma. The Bug & I. Railroad Magazine 51, no. 3 (April 1950).

Leslie, Miriam. Gotham to the Golden Gate. Frank Leslies Illustrated Newspaper (July 7, 1877).

Lo Vecchio, Janolyn G. Allie Dickerman Brainard: Tucsons First Woman Postmaster. The Smoke Signal, no. 101 (March 2018).

Minter, Patricia Hagler. The Failure of Freedom: Class, Gender, and the Evolution of Segregated Transit Law in the Nineteenth-Century SouthFreedom: Personal Liberty and Private Law. Chicago-Kent Law Review 70, no. 3.

Paine, Charles. The Pacific Railroad. Godeys Ladys Book and Magazine LXXIX, no. 470 (August 1869).

Putnam, Nina Wilcox. The Harvey GirlsTamers of the Wild West. American Weekly Magazine (August 15, 1948).

Sommers, Arthur, and Roger Staab. Twelve Golden Years of Sara Kidder. Nevada County Historical Society Bulletin (1946).

Stamp, Jimmy. Traveling in Style and Comfort: The Pullman Sleeping Car. Smithsonian Magazine (December 11, 2013).

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