Tony Banham - The Sinking of the Lisbon Maru: Britains Forgotten Wartime Tragedy
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Almost 2,000 British Prisoners of War were aboard the Japanese freighter Lisbon Maru when an American submarine torpedoed and sank her in October 1942. This book tells the story of those men, from the fighting in Hong Kong, through the sinking, and for some, to liberation and beyond. Although never previously studied in any depth, the sinking of the Lisbon Maru was the most costly American on British Friendly Fire incident of the Second World War. Of the 4,500 of Hong Kongs garrison who perished during the war, 1,000 died directly or indirectly from this sinking. From American, British, Hong Kong and Japanese sources, this book reconstructs the fateful voyage of the Lisbon Maru, and the experiences of the captives, the captors, and those on board the submarine that sank her.The book will be of interest to anyone wishing to know more about the Hellships that caused the deaths of almost 20,000 Allied Prisoners of War during the Second World War, or the experiences of Allied POWs in Japan.
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Contents
Hong Kong University Press
The University of Hong Kong
Pokfulam Road
Hong Kong
www.hkupress.org
Hong Kong University Press 2006
ISBN 978-962-209-771-1 (Hardback)
ISBN 978-988-8083-13-8 (Paperback)
ISBN 978-988-220-638-0 (eBook)
All rights reserved. No portion of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopy, recording, or any information storage or retrieval system, without prior permission in writing from the publisher.
British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library.
First printing 2006
First eBook 2010
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2
Illustrations
1 Front Cover. The Lisbon Maru, at 08.55 on the morning of 2 October 1942, taken from the Toyokuni Maru, while the Kohu Maru No. 1 takes off the final crew members from the starboard stern of the vessel. (Exhibit L1 of the War Crimes Trial of the ships Master, Kyoda Shigeru, Hong Kong 1946).
Abbreviations
ARP BAAG BQMS BSM CERA CO CQMS CSM CTF CWGC ERA FEPOW HE HKDDC | Air Raid Precautions British Army Aid Group Battery Quarter Master Sergeant Battery Sergeant Major Chief Engine Room Artificer Commanding Officer Company Quarter Master Sergeant Company Sergeant Major Commander Task Force Commonwealth War Graves Commission Engine Room Artificer Far East Prisoner of War High Explosive Hong Kong Dockyard Defence Corps |
HKRNVR HKVDC IJN KIA LSBA MBE MC MIA MID MTB NCO NZRNVR OBE OC PO POW RA RAF RAMC RCAF | Hong Kong Royal Naval Volunteer Reserve Hong Kong Volunteer Defence Corps Imperial Japanese Navy Killed in Action Leading Sick Berth Attendant Member of the British Empire Military Cross Missing in Action Mentioned in Dispatches Motor Torpedo Boat Non-Commissioned Officer New Zealand Royal Naval Volunteer Reserve Officer of the British Empire Officer Commanding Petty Officer Prisoner of War Royal Artillery Royal Air Force Royal Army Medical Corps Royal Canadian Air Force |
RCS RDF RE RN RNH RNR RNVR SBA SBCPO TDC TF TG USAAF USN W/T | Royal Corps of Signals Radio Direction Finder Royal Engineers Royal Navy Royal Naval Hospital Royal Naval Reserve Royal Naval Volunteer Reserve Sick Berth Attendant Sick Berth Chief Petty Officer Torpedo Data Computer Task Force Task Group United States Army Air Force United States Navy Wireless Telegraph |
Dramatis Personae
O Wonder!
How many goodly creatures are there here!
How beauteous mankind is! O brave new world
That has such people int!
The Tempest, Act 5, Scene 1
British Prisoners of War aboard the Lisbon Maru:
Arthur Alsey | A bandsman in the Royal Scots, aged 31 in 1942. |
Samuel Arthur Atkins | A private in the Middlesex Regiment, 25. |
Frank Bennett | A signaller of the Hong Kong Signals Company, 25 . |
Charles Frederick Brooks | A warrant officer in the Royal Artillery, 41. |
Jack Etiemble | A gunner in the Royal Artillery, 19. |
Arthur 'Bill' Evans | A civilian nominally attached to the HKRNVR, 40. |
Tom Evans | A private in the Middlesex, 26. |
George Hamilton | An officer of the Royal Scots, 25 . |
Wallace Hastings | A medic of the Royal Navy, 24. |
Hargreaves Howell | An officer of the RASC, 38. |
Alf 'Nobby' Hunt | A seaman of the Royal Navy, 23 . |
John Inglis | A bombardier in the Royal Artillery, 25. |
Ross Lynneberg | A seaman of the Royal New Zealand Navy, 21. |
James Miller | A private in the Royal Scots, 26. |
Dennis Morley | A private in the Royal Scots, 23. |
Dan O'Hanlon | A seaman of the Royal Navy, 22. |
Alan Potter | An officer of the St John's Ambulance, 43. |
William Poulter | A CQMS in the Middlesex Regiment, 33. |
Andy Salmon | A gunner in the Royal Artillery, 23. |
William Shepherd | An engine room artificer of the Royal Navy, 22. |
Henry 'Monkey' Stewart | Commander of the POWs on the Lisbon Maru, 42. |
William Spooner | A private in the Royal Scots, 25. |
AlfTaylor | A lance corporal in the Royal Signals, about 25. |
Martin Weedon | Commander of B Company, Middlesex, 26. |
Reg Westwood | A sapper of the Royal Engineers, 24. |
Robert Wright | A private in the Middlesex, about 28. |
Japanese crew aboard the Lisbon Maru:
Niimori Genichiro | Official Japanese interpreter, 49. |
Kyoda Shigeru | Captain, 43. |
Wada Hideo | Officer commanding POWs on the Lisbon Maru, about 25. |
Sugiyama | Senior commander of troops on board, about 30. |
Gentoro Niioka | First Mate, about 40. |
Araki Kaname | Second Mate, about 35. |
Hiyama Seinoshin | Third Mate, 30. |
American submariners aboard the USS Grouper:
Robert Hamilton Close | Engineer officer, Electrical, 29. |
John R. Dykema | Comms, Asst. First Lt., 24. |
Edward Rowell Holt | Torpedo officer, 27. |
Garfield Kvalheim | A Machinist, 25. |
John Denning Mason | First Lieutenant, about 35. |
Rob Roy McGregor | Captain, 35. |
Albert W. Weaver | S&A, Asst. Elec & Eng., 27. |
William Winter, Jr. | Executive Officer, Navigator, 32. |
Preface
I am sitting in my study little more than a cupboard, but acceptable by Hong Kong standards wondering how I will ever find a survivor from the third hold of the hell ship, Lisbon Maru.
That hold, in the middle of the vessel, had housed the Royal Artillery contingent of the British POWs being shipped, at the end of September 1942, from Hong Kong to work in the mines and docks of Japan. They had been closest to the impact point of the American torpedo that sank the ship, and as it foundered stern first and they were the furthest aft they experienced the most severe casualties. They held the key to the story of the worst American-on-British friendly fire incident in military history.
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