Nancy Crawshaw - The Cyprus Revolt: An Account of the Struggle for Union With Greece

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REVOLUTION

Volume 9

THE CYPRUS REVOLT

THE CYPRUS REVOLT An Account of the Struggle for Union with Greece

NANCY CRAWSHAW

First published in 1978 by George Allen & Unwin

This edition first published in 2022

by Routledge

4 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN

and by Routledge

605 Third Avenue, New York, NY 10158

Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business

1978 Nancy Crawshaw

All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers.

Trademark notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe.

British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data

A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library

ISBN: 978-1-032-12623-4 (Set)

ISBN: 978-1-003-26095-0 (Set) (ebk)

ISBN: 978-1-032-16335-2 (Volume 9) (hbk)

ISBN: 978-1-032-16338-3 (Volume 9) (pbk)

ISBN: 978-1-003-24810-1 (Volume 9) (ebk)

DOI: 10.4324/9781003248101

Publishers Note

The publisher has gone to great lengths to ensure the quality of this reprint but points out that some imperfections in the original copies may be apparent.

Disclaimer

The publisher has made every effort to trace copyright holders and would welcome correspondence from those they have been unable to trace.

The Cyprus Revolt An account of the struggle for union with Greece

Nancy Crawshaw

First published 1978

This book is copyright under the Berne Convention. All rights are reserved. Apart from any fair dealing for the purpose of private study, research, criticism or review, as permitted under the Copyright Act, 1956, no part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, electrical, chemical, mechanical, optical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior permission of the copyright owner. Enquiries should be addressed to the publishers.

Nancy Crawshaw 1978

ISBN 0 04 940053 3

Printed in Great Britain by William Clowes & Sons, Limited

London, Beccles and Colchester

To G. C. but for whose encouragement this book would not have been finished

Contents

PREFACE

NOTE ON TRANSLITERATION

II THE GROWTH OF THE ENOSIS MOVEMENT IN CYPRUS, 19401953

Revival of Cypriot Politics during the Second World War-Ascendancy of the Nationalists

1 Revival of Political Activity, 1940 Onwards

2 The Labour Government and Abortive Reforms

3 The Turkish Cypriot Community, 19401948

4 The Plebiscite, 19491950

5 Cypriot Politics after the Rise of Makarios III

III THE YEARS OF WARNING, 19501954

The Quest for Support Abroad First Greek Appeal to UN

1 The Quest for Support Abroad

2 Rising Pressure in Greece for Enosis, 1950 Onwards

3 Papagos and the Cyprus Question

4 The Climax in 1954

5 Hopkinsons Never

6 The First Greek Appeal to the United Nations

IV THE ORIGINS OF EOKA, 19481955

Grivass Early Subversive Activities Final Preparations for the Cyprus Revolt

1 Colonel Grivas (Dighenis)

2 Subversive Activities of Grivas, 19481954

3 Psychological Warfare

4 The Organisation of the Guerrilla Groups

V THE FIRST ROUND, APRIL 1955MARCH 1956

Outbreak of Violence Breakdown of Harding-Makarios Talks

1 The Outbreak of the Revolt

2 Political Developments, Summer 1955

3 International Developments

4 The Deterioration of Security

5 Hardings First Five Months

6 The Harding-Makarios Talks

VI THE INTENSIFICATION OF THE STRUGGLE, MARCH 1956MARCH 1957

Archbishops Deportation His Release

1 The Deportation

2 The Intensification of Hostilities

3 The Rout of the Mountain Gangs

4 Political Events after the Deportation

5 The Renewal of Violence

6 The Radcliffe Plan

VII THE DILEMMA OF THE GREEK GOVERNMENT, SEPTEMBER 1953-FEBRUARY 1957

Anti-Greek riots in TurkeyUN Debate on Cyprus

1 The Rise of Karamanlis

2 The Downfall of Theotokis

3 The Policy of Equal Friendship

4 The Eleventh Session of the General Assembly

VIII THE CEASE-FIRE, FEBRUARY 1957OCTOBER 1957

Makarioss Return to Greece Foots Appointment as Governor

1 The Intensification of Operations

2 The Archbishops Return

3 The Deadlock

4 The Atrocity Campaign

5 Preparations for the Second Round

6 Strategic and Political Changes in 1957

IX THE SECOND ROUND, DECEMBER 1957FEBRUARY 1959

Foots Governorship Rurich Agreement

1 The Appointment of Sir Hugh Foot

2 The Twelfth Session of the UN General Assembly

3 The Foot Plan

4 The Renewal of EOKA Action

5 The Outbreak of Communal Strife

6 The Macmillan Plan

7 Greek Against Greek

8 Passive Resistance

9 The Renewal of Violence against the British

10 Political Developments at the end of 1958

11 The Bid for Independence at the UN

X THE BIRTH OF THE REPUBLIC, FEBRUARY 1959AUGUST 1960

Rurich and London Agreements Independence

1 The Zurich Agreement

2 Preparations for Independence

3 The Negotiations on the British Bases

4 The Last Stages

XI POSTSCRIPT: THE AFTERMATH, 19601976

Breakdown of the Zurich Settlement Turkeys Military Intervention in 1974

APPENDICES

1 Abbreviations used in the Text

2 Important Dates in the History of Cyprus

3 Procedure for Election of Archbishops of Cyprus

4 The Eoka Oath

5 Racial Composition and Strength of the Police Force in July 1958

6 Casualty Tables

BIBLIOGRAPHY

MAPS

1 Cyprus Principal Features and Mediterranean Context

2 Cyprus Principal Places and Roads Mentioned in Text

3 Distribution of Population and the Turkish Occupied Area after 16 August 1974

Note on Transliteration

The transliteration of Greek words presents many difficulties. Many names, especially in Cyprus, have been anglicised in a form which has long become common usage. I have triefl to strike a balance between such spellings and the phonetic rendering of Greek names but inconsistencies are unavoidable.

Preface

The complicated story of the Greek Cypriot struggle for union with Greece began a long time ago; some Cypriots would say in the fifteenth century Bc . A more realistic date is the Greek War of Independence in 1821.

The Cyprus question has taken thousands of people to the island on diplomatic and other special duties.

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