Richard W. Harrison - The Soviet Armys High Commands in War and Peace, 1941–1992
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- Book:The Soviet Armys High Commands in War and Peace, 1941–1992
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The Soviet Armys High Commands in War and Peace, 1941–1992: summary, description and annotation
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The war on the Eastern Front during 194145 was an immense struggle, running from the Barents Sea to the Caucasus Mountains. The vast distances involved forced the Soviet political-military leadership to resort to new organizational expedients in order to control operations along the extended front. These were the high commands of the directions, which were responsible for two or more fronts (army groups) and, along maritime axes, one or more fleets.
In all, five high commands were created along the northwestern, western, southwestern, and North Caucasus strategic directions during 194142. However, the highly unfavorable strategic situation during the first year of the war, as well as interference in day-to-day operations by Stalin, severely limited the high commands effectiveness. As a consequence, the high commands were abolished in mid-1942 and replaced by the more flexible system of supreme command representatives at the front. A High Command of Soviet Forces in the Far East was established in 1945 and oversaw the Red Armys highly effective campaign against Japanese forces in Manchuria.
The Far Eastern High Command was briefly resurrected in 1947 as a response to the tense situation along the Korean peninsula and the ongoing civil war in China, but was abolished in 1953, soon after Stalins death. Growing tensions with China brought about the recreation of the Far Eastern High Command in 1979, followed a few years later by the appearance of new high commands in Europe and South Asia. However, these new high commands did not long survive the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991 and were abolished a year later.
The book relies almost exclusively on Soviet and post-communist archival and other sources and is the first unclassified treatment of this subject in any country, East or West.
Table of Contents
Introduction
1. Imperial Antecedents
2. Soviet Antecedents
3. Organizing for War
4. The Northwestern High Command
5. The Western High Command
6. The Southwestern High Command
7. The North Caucasus High Command
8. The Stavka Representatives
9. The Far Eastern High Command
10. The Postwar High Commands
Bibliography
Index
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Published in the United States of America and Great Britain in 2022 by
CASEMATE PUBLISHERS
1950 Lawrence Road, Havertown, PA 19083, USA
and
The Old Music Hall, 106108 Cowley Road, Oxford OX4 1JE, UK
Copyright 2022 Richard W. Harrison
Hardcover Edition: ISBN 978-1-952715-10-5
Digital Edition: ISBN 978-1-952715-11-2
A CIP record for this book is available from the British Library
All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical including photocopying, recording or by any information storage and retrieval system, without permission from the publisher in writing.
Printed and bound in the United Kingdom by TJ Books
Typeset in India by Lapiz Digital Services, Chennai.
For a complete list of Casemate titles, please contact:
CASEMATE PUBLISHERS (US)
Telephone (610) 853-9131
Fax (610) 853-9146
Email:
www.casematepublishers.com
CASEMATE PUBLISHERS (UK)
Telephone (01865) 241249
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www.casematepublishers.co.uk
Cover image credits: Marshal of the Soviet Union; Hero of the Soviet Union: Semyon Konstantinovich Tymoshenko, http://mil.ru/files/files/generals_peaceful_moments/ , available under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International license; Alexander Mikhailovich Vasilevsky (18951977) Soviet military leader, Marshal of the Soviet Union, http://encyclopedia.mil.ru/encyclopedia/history/
more.htm?id=12059064@cmsArticle , available under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International license; Portrait photograph of Marshal of the Soviet Union, Georgy Zhukov, public domain; Marshal of the Soviet Union Semyon Mikhailovich Budyonny in dress uniform of the 1943 model, public domain; Kliment Yefremovich Voroshilov, in the year 1937, with the rank Marshal (OF10), public domain.
To my wife, Yelena
Contents
Maps
Acknowledgements
A book such as this has many authors, or at least many who can claim to have played an important part in its compilation. I would like, first of all, to express my thanks to David M. Glantz, the dean of American authors writing on the Red Army during World War II. Colonel Glantz has not only been extremely supportive of this project since its inception but has also made available his large collection of military-historical materials to me despite the very real danger that I might lose or otherwise misplace them.
Thanks are also due to the Central Archives of the Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation (TsAMO), located in Podolsk, south of Moscow. The staff was courteous and surprisingly good natured in meeting what I am sure seemed like my excessive demands for materials. The same goes for the staff at the Russian State Archives of Socio-Political History, in Moscow, where I was also able to obtain a number of valuable documents.
To be sure, my research in these institutions was conducted at a time of relative openness, which, according to anecdotal evidence, seems to have passed. Nonetheless, it is my hope that the access I was given will again be offered to foreign researchers.
Introduction
The subject of this book, the high commands of the strategic directions during World War II and after, is one that has received far too little attention over the years, in either the open or classified military press, despite its obvious importance. Indeed, the high commands elevated position in the Soviet military hierarchy was one of the reasons behind their continued obscurity throughout most of the postwar period, and it was only the decision to recreate these organs, beginning in the late 1970s, that made it necessary to lift the veil of secrecy somewhat. Other factors doubtlessly involve the high commands decidedly mixed record during World War II, when, with the exception of the high command in the Far East, these bodies consistently failed to live up to expectations. Even the successful employment of a high command during the brief war with Japan in 1945 was, for several years, shrouded in the official secrecy of the Stalin era. For example, a 1950 article dealing with the defeat of the Japanese forces in Manchuria stated that the operation was carried out under the direct command of Marshal of the Soviet Union A. M. Vasilevskii, without actually referring to him as the commander-in-chief of the High Command of Soviet Forces in the Far East.
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