First published 2001 by Pearson Education Limited
Published 2013 by Routledge
2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN
711 Third Avenue, New York, NY 10017, USA
Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business
Copyright 2001, Taylor & Francis.
The right of Jill Stephenson to be identified as author of this work has been asserted by her in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988.
All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers.
Notices
Knowledge and best practice in this field are constantly changing. As new research and experience broaden our understanding, changes in research methods, professional practices, or medical treatment may become necessary.
Practitioners and researchers must always rely on their own experience and knowledge in evaluating and using any information, methods, compounds, or experiments described herein. In using such information or methods they should be mindful of their own safety and the safety of others, including parties for whom they have a professional responsibility.
To the fullest extent of the law, neither the Publisher nor the authors, contributors, or editors, assume any liability for any injury and/or damage to persons or property as a matter of products liability, negligence or otherwise, or from any use or operation of any methods, products, instructions, or ideas contained in the material herein.
ISBN: 978-0-582-41836-3 (pbk)
British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data
A CIP catalogue record for this book can be obtained from the British Library
Typeset in 9.5/15pt Sabon Roman by Graphicraft Limited, Hong Kong
Esmonde M. Robertson In memoriam
When I began research on women in Nazi Germany in the mid-1960s, the subject looked insufficiently substantial for a PhD thesis. This time, given the amount of work that has been done in the intervening decades, it has been extremely difficult to condense the subject into a small book. The many debts which I have incurred over thirty-five years have also expanded. I would particularly like to thank the Librarian of the German Historical Institute, London, for her efficient and friendly assistance. Additionally, the University of Edinburghs library staff have willingly met my requests.
Various colleagues have encouraged me over the years, especially at the start of my research and then in later periods of self-doubt. I would like to mention particularly John Fout, Mary Fulbrook, Liz Harvey, Michael Kater, Ian Kershaw, Victor Kiernan, Arthur Marwick, the late Tim Mason, Beate Meyer, Robert Moeller, Tony Nicholls, Richard Overy, Cornelie Usborne. To all of them, I am grateful. I owe a special debt to Liz Harvey and Jim McMillan for reading parts of the text in draft and offering helpful comments. The errors and shortcomings that remain are entirely my responsibility.
My husband, Steve, has been remarkably patient when I have been in intolerant (and intolerable) writing mode.
My greatest debt is to the late Esmonde Robertson. He suggested to me, in 1966, that I should take this subject for my PhD thesis, at a time when most historians of modern Germany were concerned with political and diplomatic history. Without his inspiration, I would never have thought of the subject; without his encouragement, I would not have had the confidence to pursue it. This book is dedicated to his memory.
We are grateful to the following for permission to reproduce copyright material:
Centaurus Verlags GmbH & Co KG for an extract from Verrat fr die Volksgemeinschaft. Denunziantinnen im Dritten Reich by R. Wolters; Institut fr Zeitgeschichte Archiv (Munich) for extracts from a letter to Field Marshal Keitel from Himmler, MA 468 (Labour Development in Wartime) and MA 441/6 (The Position in German Universities in the Summer Semester of 1942); Rowohlt Taschenbuch Verlag GmbH for extracts from Alltag unterm Hakenkreuz by Harald Focke and Uwe Reimer, 1979 by Rowohlt Taschenbuch Verlag GmbH, Reinbek bei Hamburg; Silberburg-Verlag Titus Haussermann GmbH for extracts from Die Hitlerfahn muss weg! Zwanzig dramatische Stationen in einer schwbischen Kleinstadt by U. Rothfuss and Als Krankenschwester in KZ Theresienstadt. Erinnerungen einer Ulmer Judin by R. Weglein; and the Stuttgart Kulturamt-Stadarchiv for extracts from Chronik der Stadt Stuttgart 19331945 edited by Kurt Leipner.
from Statistisches Reichsamt: Statistisches Jahrbuch fr das Deutsche Reich, 1941/42 reprinted by permission of Statistisches Bundesamt.
In some cases we have been unable to trace the owners of copyright material and we would appreciate any information that would enable us to do so.