Gladys M. Rose
Acknowledgements
M any people and organizations have assisted in the preparation of this book. Thanks to Dr. J.L. Granatstein, who has offered, as he did with my earlier work, Mobilize! , encouragement and advice over several years. For reading part or all of a manuscript thanks to Major-General (Retd) Fraser Holman, Brigadier-General (Retd) Garry Thomson, who also contributed two Dieppe photographs, Lieutenant-Commander (Retd) Ed Sparling, Sergeant Peter Moon, Dennis McIntosh, and Alain Rivet.
Thanks to Robin Rowland, Colonel (Retd) Allan Methven, Captain Steven Dieter, Penny Lippman, Librarian at the Royal Canadian Military Institute, the Toronto Reference Library, the City of Toronto Archives, the Laurier Centre for Military Strategic and Disarmament Studies for making files available, and Jerry Michaels for assistance with photos. For assistance with maps, thanks to Dr. Stephen Harris of the Directorate of History and Heritage and to Mike Bechthold.
Thanks to Lenore Wagner Floyd, formerly of Teeterville, Ontario, for information about and photos of her three uncles who were killed in northwest Europe in 1944 and 1945. Also to Gert Penwill and the Penwill family for making available letters written by Flying Officer Robert English, a British Commonwealth Air Training Plan graduate who died on operations in Italy in 1945. Thanks to Pilot Officer (Retd) Bill Milne for information about his RCAF service in Bomber Command and for his continued support.
Thanks to Professor Howard Hisdal, Chair of the Department of History at Okanagan College, for assistance in making available his thesis Lieutenant-General Guy Simonds and the Battle of the Scheldt: A Study in Generalship. Thanks to Dr. Aaron Plamondon of Mount Royal University for making available his Royal Military College of Canada masters thesis titled Canada and the Oghdensburg Agreement: the Historial Analysis of a Logical Progression. Thank you to Stephen Hayter, of the Commonwealth Air Training Plan Museum in Brandon, Manitoba, for assistance with photos. Thanks to Team Dundurn and to editor Kate Unrau.
And most of all, thanks to my ever-supportive partner, Michael Kevin Brennan.
Any errors are my own.
Timeline
T he Ten Decisions are in boldface.
1939
August 2 The Einstein-Szilrd letter is delivered to U.S. president Franklin D. Roosevelt advising of the potential use of uranium to construct an atomic bomb.
September 1 Germany attacks Poland, beginning the Second World War.
September 3 Britain, France, New Zealand, Australia, and India (by its Viceroy) declare war on Nazi Germany. Battle of the Atlantic begins.
September 10 Canada declares war on Germany (Decision One).
September 17 The Soviet Union invades Poland and occupies eastern Polish territories.
December 13 The German pocket battleship Admiral Graf Spee is scuttled off Uruguay.
December 17 British Commonwealth Air Training Plan Agreement signed in Ottawa (Decision Three).
1940
February 7 Canadian government orders sixty-four corvettes (Decision Two).
March 26 Liberals re-elected in federal election.
April 9 C.D. Howe appointed minister of munitions and supply (Decision Five).
MayJune German blitzkrieg overwhelms Belgium, Holland, and France.
May 10 Winston Churchill becomes prime minister of Britain.
May 26June 4 British Expeditionary Force evacuated from Dunkirk.
June 10 Italian dictator Benito Mussolini declares war on the Allies.
August 17 Ogdensburg Agreement reached between Canada and the United States (Decision Six).
September British victory in Battle of Britain forces Hitler to postpone invasion plans.
November 1112 British naval fleet uses aerial attack to defeat Italians at Battle of Taranto.
1941
June 22 Hitler begins Operation Barbarossa, the invasion of Russia.
December 7 Japan attacks Pearl Harbor, and the U.S. enters the war. Japan attacks Hong Kong and defeats a British-led force that includes a Canadian brigade. Hundreds of Canadians become prisoners of war.
1942
February 15 Singapore falls to the Japanese.
May 5 The U.S. bastion at Corregidor, the Philippines, falls to the Japanese.
June 47 American victory at Battle of Midway marks turning point in Pacific War.
June Mass murder of Jewish people underway at Auschwitz.
August 19 The Dieppe raid (Decision Seven).
October 23November 11British victory at Battle of El Alamein.
October 25 Formation of No. 6 Group, RCAF (Decision Four).
1943
February 2 German surrender at Stalingrad.