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Gillian R. Knight - The Correspondence between Peter the Venerable and Bernard of Clairvaux: A Semantic and Structural Analysis

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The Correspondence between Peter the Venerable and Bernard of Clairvaux: A Semantic and Structural Analysis
Author:
Gillian R Knight
Publisher:
Routledge
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Books / History
Year:
2002
City:
London
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Starting from the premise of the letter as literary artefact, with a potential for ambiguity, irony and textual allusion, this innovative analysis of the correspondence between the Cluniac abbot, Peter the Venerable, and the future saint, Bernard of Clairvaux, challenges the traditional use of these letters as a source for historical and (auto)biographical reconstruction. Applying techniques drawn from modern theories of epistolarity and contemporary literary criticism to letters treated as whole constructs, Knight demonstrates the presence of a range of manipulative strategies and argues for the consequent production of a significant degree of fictionalisation. She traces the emergence of an epistolarly sequence which forms a kind of extended narrative, drawing its authority from Augustine and Jerome, and rooted in classical rhetoric. The work raises important implications both for the study of relations between Cluniacs and Cistercians in the first half of the 12th century and for the approach to letter-writing as a whole.

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THE CORRESPONDENCE BETWEEN PETER THE VENERABLE AND BERNARD OF CLAIRVAUX

Church, Faith and Culture in the Medieval West

General Editor: Brenda Bolton

Other titles in the series:

Michelle Still
The Abbot and the Rule
Religious life at St Albans, 12901349

Sylvia Schein
Gateway to the Heavenly City
Crusader Jerusalem and the Catholic West (10991187)

Brenda Bolton and Anne Duggan
Adrian IV, the English Pope (11541159)

Richard Kay
The Council of Bourges, 1225
A documentary history

The Correspondence between Peter the Venerable and Bernard of Clairvaux

A Semantic and Structural Analysis

Gillian R. Knight

First published 2002 by Ashgate Publishing

Published 2016 by Routledge
2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN
711 Third Avenue, New York, NY 10017, USA

Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business

Gillian R. Knight has asserted her moral right under the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act, 1988, to be identified as the author of this work.

All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers.

Notice:
Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe.

British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data
Knight, Gillian R.
The Correspondence between Peter the Venerable and Bernard of Clairvaux: A Semantic and Structural Analysis. (Church, Faith and Culture in the Medieval West)
1. Peter, the Venerable, c.10921156. 2. Bernard,of Clairvaux, Saint. 3. Christian saintsFranceConrrespondence. 4. AbbotsFranceCorrespondence. 5. Latin lettersHistiry and criticism. I.Title.
271.1'2'022

US Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data
Knight, Gillian R.
The Correspondence between Peter the Venerable and Bernard of Clairvaux: A Semantic and Structural Analysis / Gillian R. Knight.
p. cm. (Church, Faith and Culture in the Medieval West)
Includes bibliographical references.
1. Peter, the Venerable, ca. 10921156Correspondences. 2. Bernard, of Clairvaux, Saint, 1090 or 911153Correspondences. 3. AbbotsFranceCorrespondence. 4. Latin letters, Medieval and modernFranceHistory and criticism. I. Title. II. Series.
BX4705.P473K56 2002
271'.1022dc21

2001053477

ISBN 13: 978-0-7546-0067-1 (hbk)

Typeset by Owain Hammonds, Ebeneser, Bontgoch, Talybont, Ceredigion SY24 5DP.

Biblia sacra iuxta vulgatam versionem , ed. R. Weber, B. Fischer, I. Gribomont, H. F. D. Sparks and W. Thiele, 4th ed., prepared by R. Gryson, Stuttgart, 1994.

Gn Genesis
Ex Exodus
Nm Numbers
Dt Deuteronomy
Ios Joshua
Idc Judges
Rt Ruth
I Sm I Samuel
II Sm II Samuel
III Rg I Kings
IV II Kings
I Par I Chronicles
II Par II Chronicles
I Esr Ezra
II Esr Nehemiah
Tb Tobit
Idt Judith
Est Esther
Iob Job
Ps Psalms
Prv Proverbs
Ecl Ecclesiastes
Ct Song of Songs
Sap Wisdom of Solomon
Sir Ecclesiasticus
Is Isaiah
Ier Jeremiah
Lam Lamentations
Bar Baruch
Ez Ezekiel
Dn Daniel
Os Hosea
Ioel Joel
Am Amos
Na Nahum
Hab Habbakuk
So Zephaniah
Agg Haggai
Za Zechariah
Mal Malachi
I Mcc I Maccabees
II Mcc II Maccabees
III Esr I Esdras
IV Esr II Esdras
Mt Matthew
Mc Mark
Lc Luke
Io John
Act Acts
Rm Romans
I Cor I Corinthians
II Cor II Corinthians
Gal Galatians
Eph Ephesians
Phil Philippians
Col Colossians
I Th I Thessalonians
II Th II Thessalonians
I Tim I Timothy
II Tim II Timothy
Tit Titus
Phlm Philemon
Hbr Hebrews
Iac James
I Pt I Peter
II Pt II Peter
I Io I John
II Io II John
III Io III John
AbD Obadiah
Ion Jonah
Mi Micah
Iud Jude
Apc Revelation
Patrologia Latina Patrologiae cursus completus. Series Latina
CCCM Corpus Christianorum Continuatio Mediaevalis
CCSL Corpus Christianorum Series Latina
CSEL Corpus scriptorum ecclesiasticorum latinorum
RHGF Recueil des Historiens des Gaules et de la France
JL Jaff-Lwenfeld

Spanning the first half of the twelfth century, the correspondence between Peter the Venerable, abbot of Cluny, and Bernard of Clairvaux, abbot of Clairvaux and Cistercian figure-head, would appear to offer some reflection of the political issues, major and minor, which troubled Western Europe in that period: papal schism; crusading; the Islamic threat; disputed elections within the Church; quarrels over monastic tithes. In particular, it has been read as providing insights into a conflict between two monastic giants, the established, arguably reactionary, institution of Cluny, and the burgeoning adherents of the reforming Cteaux. This work aims to offer a detailed study of these letters, approached essentially from the perspective of literature, but set within their historical context. Underlying this, however, are deeper questions relating to the validity of their use as historical documentation and, if this validity is accepted, of the types of approach which can most fruitfully be applied to their study. This issue will be explored through a consideration of the parameters imposed through the requirements and expectations of epistolary dialogue, and of the ways in which the latter are open to manipulation.

The two men were close contemporaries. Born in 1092 or 1094 of an influential seigneurial family,

The extant correspondence consists of some twenty-two letters of widely varying lengths, the bulk of them to be found in one or both of the official letter-collections preserved in the name of each man. For convenience, these have been tabulated below, in the (approximately chronological) order in which they will be examined in this work. The texts used here are taken directly from the recently produced and widely used printed editions of Constable

Author	Letter no.	Edition	Date
Peter	Letter 28	Letters , I, pp. 52-101	1127(?)
Peter	Letter 65	Letters , I, pp. 194-5	Late 1137
Bernard	Ep. 147 (= letter 74)	SBO , VII, pp. 350-51 (Letters, I, pp. 207-8)	Feb/May 1138
Peter	Letter 73	Letters , I, p. 206	Spring 1138
Bernard	Ep. 148	SBO , VII, p. 352	Around 1138
Peter	Letter 29	Letters , I, pp. 101-5	Aug/Sept 1138
Bernard	Ep. 149	SBO , VII, p. 352

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