Stuart A.P. Murray - World War II: Step into the Action and behind Enemy Lines from Hitlers Rise to Japans Surrender

Copyright 2015 by Stuart A. P. Murray

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Manufactured in China, March 2015

This product conforms to CPSIA 2008

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Murray, Stuart, 1948

World War II / Stuart A. P. Murray.

pages cm

Includes index.

Audience: Grade 4 to 6.

ISBN 978-1-63220-433-2 (hc : alk. paper) -- ISBN 978-1-63220-818-7 (ebook)

1. World War, 1939-1945--Juvenile literature. I. Title.

D743.7.M87 2015

940.53--dc23

2015007042

Cover design by Georgia Morrissey

Cover photo credit: Thinkstock

Contents

The War to End All Wars

I n early November 1918, the Great War (191418) finally came to an end after four long years of slaughter and destruction. A generation of young men was almost wiped out, and much of Europe lay in ruins.

This enormous struggle among the worlds strongest powers involved 60 million soldiers, sailors, and airmen from dozens of countries. It cost more than 40 million casualties, including 20 million military and civilian dead. The conflict was fueled by past rivalriessome nations had fought each other for centuries.

On one side of the conflict were the Alliesthe United Kingdom, France, Russia, Italy, and the United States. On the other side were the Central PowersGermany, Austria-Hungary, and the Ottoman Empire. The war ended with complete victory for the Allies and utter defeat for the Central Powers.

The Great War was also known as The War to End All Wars. It was supposed to be the beginning of lasting peace everywhere on Earth. No nation wanted another such disaster. In the hope of maintaining world peace, fifty-eight nations joined together in 1919 to form the League of Nations. The League's purpose was to preserve peace and solve international disputes.

DID YOU KNOW?

US forces were not engaged in major fighting until a few months before World War I ended. Still, US losses were heavy. In just the last six weeks of war, the United States suffered 117,000 casualties. By wars end, more than 50,000 had died and 205,000 were woundeda terrible and unexpected loss to the country.

The end of World War I saw significant changes in Europe. Territorial lines were redrawn, with Germany losing significant land back to Poland and France.

But Germany was determined to rise again. New German leaders came to power and began to rebuild the military, stronger than ever, and prepared to reclaim lost territory. Within twenty years, the Great War would have a new name: World War I.

In 1939, World War II would explode into an even mightier struggle, with greater destruction and loss of life. There would not, as yet, be a war to end all wars.

DID YOU KNOW?

World War I came to an end on the 11th hour of the 11th day of the 11th month: 11 a.m. on November 11, 1918. This marked the end of fighting, an armistice. This gave the name to Armistice Day, an annual holiday in many nations honoring war veterans. November 11 is now known in the United Kingdom and Canada as Remembrance Day and in the United States as Veterans Day.

CONQUER AND DIVIDE

WHEN PEACE TERMS were made in 1919, the victors tried to make sure the losers would remain weak. The defeated Central Powers were broken up into smaller states. Out of the ashes of war new nations appeared in Europe, including Czechoslovakia, Yugoslavia, Poland, Latvia, Lithuania, Estonia, and Finland. During the war, the Communist revolution threw down the Russian tsar (emperor) and established the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR).

Drafted by representatives from allied countries, the Treaty of Versailles peace document was signed in France on June 28, 1919, officially bringing World War I to an end.

World War I battles were often fought in trenches, with combatants so close to one another that they could see the enemy's faces. Here, German soldiers prepare to defend their positions as they await a French attack.

The New York Times headline tells the story of the end of World War I.

The Rise of Hitler and Nazism

I n the early 1920s, two political ideologies were winning followers around the world and especially in Europe. These were communism and fascism.

Communists wanted a society in which everyone was equal. Ideally, each person would work according to their abilities and be paid according to their needs.

Fascism allowed more free enterprise than communism, but neither theory allowed democracy. Both gave government absolute control over the people. As fascist and communist political parties gained popularity in Germany, they became bitter enemies.

A new political organization with fascist policiesthe National Socialist German Workers Partywas led by former soldier Adolf Hitler (18891945). Its members were often called Nazis. Hitlers party accused communists (some of whom were Jewish) of causing defeat in World War I. Hitler falsely claimed that the military had been betrayed by Jews and communists who wanted peace rather than victory.

After the war, Germany was forced to pay hundreds of millions of dollars to the Allies, as reparations. These funds repaid the victors for wartime losses, but Germany itself was left in poverty. Times became so hard that many German citizens were starving. As a result, the population wanted to defy the peace terms, rearm, and reclaim all territory lost by the war.

HITLER BECOMES DER FUEHRER

IN JANUARY 1933, Adolf Hitler was appointed chancellor, the supreme authority of Germanys Reich (empire). He immediately banned the Communist Party. That February, fire badly damaged the Reichstag, the main government building in Berlin. Hitler received emergency powers that made him dictator, a totalitarian ruler. He immediately ordered the arrest of 4,000 communists, accusing them of responsibility for the fire. (This was a lie.)