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Charlotte Corday, after the assassination of Marat, apprehended by the Jacobin mob Painting by J. Weerts.

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THE GREAT EVENTS

BY

FAMOUS HISTORIANS

A COMPREHENSIVE AND READABLE ACCOUNT OF THE WORLD'S HISTORY, EMPHASIZING THE MORE IMPORTANT EVENTS, AND PRESENTING THESE AS COMPLETE NARRATIVES IN THE MASTER-WORDS OF THE MOST EMINENT HISTORIANS

NON-SECTARIAN NON-PARTISAN NON-SECTIONAL

ON THE PLAN EVOLVED FROM A CONSENSUS OF OPINIONS GATHERED FROM THE MOST DISTINGUISHED SCHOLARS OF AMERICA AND EUROPE, INCLUDING BRIEF INTRODUCTIONS BY SPECIALISTS TO CONNECT AND EXPLAIN THE CELEBRATED NARRATIVES, ARRANGED CHRONOLOGICALLY, WITH THOROUGH INDICES, BIBLIOGRAPHIES, CHRONOLOGIES, AND COURSES OF READING

EDITOR-IN-CHIEF

ROSSITER JOHNSON, LL.D.

ASSOCIATE EDITORS

CHARLES F. HORNE, Ph.D.

JOHN RUDD, LL.D.

With a staff of specialists

VOLUME XIV

The National Alumni

COPYRIGHT, 1905,
By THE NATIONAL ALUMNI

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CONTENTS

VOLUME XIV

PAGE
An Outline Narrative of the Great Events,
CHARLES F. HORNE
The Battle of Lexington ( a.d. 1775),
RICHARD FROTHINGHAM
The Battle of Bunker Hill ( a.d. 1775),
JOHN BURGOYNE
JOHN HENEAGE JESSE
JAMES GRAHAME
Canada Remains Loyal to England
Montgomery's Invasion ( a.d. 1775),
JOHN M'MULLEN
Signing of the American Declaration of Independence
( a.d. 1776),
THOMAS JEFFERSON
JOHN A. DOYLE
The Defeat of Burgoyne at Saratoga ( a.d. 1777),
SIR EDWARD SHEPHERD CREASY
The First Victory of the American Navy ( a.d. 1779),
ALEXANDER SLIDELL MACKENZIE
Joseph II Attempts Reform in Hungary ( a.d. 1780),
ARMINIUS VAMBERY
Siege and Surrender of Yorktown ( a.d. 1781),
HENRY B. DAWSON
LORD CORNWALLIS
British Defence of Gibraltar ( a.d. 1782),
FREDERICK SAYER
Close of the American Revolution ( a.d. 1782),
JOHN ADAMS
JOHN JAY
BENJAMIN FRANKLIN
HENRY LAURENS
JOHN M. LUDLOW
Settlement of American Loyalists in Canada ( a.d. 1783),
SIR JOHN G. BOURINOT
The First Balloon Ascension ( a.d. 1783),
HATTON TURNOR
Framing of the Constitution of the United States ( a.d. 1787),
ANDREW W. YOUNG
JOSEPH STORY
Inauguration of Washington
His Farewell Address ( a.d. 1789-1797),
JAMES K. PAULDING AND GEORGE WASHINGTON
French Revolution: Storming of the Bastille ( a.d. 1789),
WILLIAM HAZLITT
Hamilton Establishes the United States Bank ( a.d. 1791),
ALEXANDER HAMILTON AND LAWRENCE LEWIS, JR.
The Negro Revolution in Haiti ( a.d. 1791)
Toussaint Louverture Establishes the Dominion of his Race,
CHARLES WYLLYS ELLIOTT
Republican France Defies Europe
The Battle of Valmy ( a.d. 1792),
ALPHONSE M. L. LAMARTINE
The Invention of the Cotton-gin ( a.d. 1793)
Enormous Growth of the Cotton Industry in America,
CHARLES W. DABNEY
R. B. HANDY
DENISON OLMSTED
The Execution of Louis XVI ( a.d. 1793)
Murder of Marat: Civil War in France,
THOMAS CARLYLE
The Reign of Terror ( a.d. 1794),
FRANOIS P. G. GUIZOT
The Downfall of Poland ( a.d. 1794),
SIR ARCHIBALD ALISON
The Rise of Napoleon
The French Conquest of Italy ( a.d. 1796),
SIR WALTER SCOTT
Overthrow of the Mamelukes ( a.d. 1798)
The Battle of the Nile,
CHARLES KNIGHT
Jenner Introduces Vaccination ( a.d. 1798),
SIR THOMAS J. PETTIGREW
Universal Chronology ( a.d. 1775-1799),
JOHN RUDD

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LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS

VOLUME XIV

PAGE
Charlotte Corday, after the assassination of Marat, apprehended by the Jacobin mob (page 305),
Painting by J. Weerts.
The Siege of Yorktown,
Painting by L. C. A. Couder.

---

AN OUTLINE NARRATIVE

TRACING BRIEFLY THE CAUSES, CONNECTIONS, AND CONSEQUENCES OF

THE GREAT EVENTS

(THE EPOCH OF REVOLUTION)

CHARLES F. HORNE

"After us, the deluge!" said Louis XV of France. He died in 1774, and the remaining quarter of the eighteenth century witnessed social changes the most radical, the most widespread which had convulsed civilization since the fall of Rome. "As soon as our peasants seek education," said Catharine II of Russia to one of her ministers, "neither you nor I will retain our places." Catharine, one of the shrewdest women of her day, judged her own people by the more advanced civilization of Western Europe. She saw that it was the growth of ideas, the intellectual advance, which had made Revolution, world-wide Revolution, inevitable.

If we look back to the beginnings of Teutonic Europe, we see that the social system existing among the wild tribes that overthrew Rome, was purely republican. Each man was equal to every other; and they merely conferred upon their sturdiest warrior a temporary authority to lead them in battle. When these Franks (the word itself means freemen) found themselves masters of the imperial, slave-holding world of Rome, the two opposing systems coalesced in vague confusing whirl, from which emerged naturally enough the "feudal system," the rule of a warrior aristocracy. Gradually a few members of this nobility rose above the rest, became centres of authority, kings, ruling over the States of modern Europe. The lesser nobles lost their importance. The kings became absolute in power and began to regard themselves as special beings, divinely appointed to rule over their own country, and to snatch as much of their neighbors' as they could.

Secure in their undisputed rank, the monarchs tolerated or even encouraged the intellectual advance of their subjects, until those subjects saw the selfishness of their masters, saw the folly of submission and the ease of revolt, saw the world-old truth of man's equality, to which tyranny and misery had so long blinded them.

Of course these ideas still hung nebulous in the air in the year 1775, and Europe at first scarce noted that Britain was having trouble with her distant colonies. Yet to America belongs the honor of having first maintained against force the new or rather the old and now re-arisen principles. England, it is true, had repudiated her Stuart kings still earlier; but she had replaced their rule by that of a narrow aristocracy, and now George III, the German king of the third generation whom she had placed as a figure-head upon her throne, was beginning, apparently with much success, to reassert the royal power. George III was quite as much a tyrant to England as he was to America, and Britons have long since recognized that America was fighting their battle for independence as well as her own.

The English Parliament was not in those days a truly representative body. The appointment of a large proportion of its members rested with a few great lords; other members were elected by boards of aldermen and similar small bodies. The large majority of Englishmen had no votes at all, though the plea was advanced that they were "virtually represented," that is, they were able to argue with and influence their more fortunate brethren, and all would probably be actuated by similar sentiments. This plea of "virtual representation" was now extended to America, where its absurdity as applied to a people three thousand miles away and engaged in constant protest against the course of the English Government, became at once manifest, and the cry against "Taxation without representation" became the motto of the Revolution.

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