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Jason Emerson - Mary Lincolns Insanity Case: A Documentary History

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Mary Lincolns Insanity Case: A Documentary History: summary, description and annotation

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In 1875 Mary Lincoln, the widow of a revered president, was committed to an insane asylum by her son, Robert. The trial that preceded her internment was a subject of keen national interest. The focus of public attention since Abraham Lincolns election in 1860, Mary Lincoln had attracted plentiful criticism and visible scorn from much of the public, who perceived her as spoiled, a spendthrift, and even too much of a Southern sympathizer. Widespread scrutiny only increased following her husbands assassination in 1865 and her son Tads death six years later, after which her overwhelming grief led to the increasingly erratic behavior that led to her being committed to a sanitarium. A second trial a year later resulted in her release, but the stigma of insanity stuck. In the years since, questions emerged with new force, as the populace and historians debated whether she had been truly insane and subsequently cured, or if she was the victim of family maneuvering.
In this volume, noted Lincoln scholar Jason Emerson provides a documentary history of Mary Lincolns mental illness and insanity case, evenhandedly presenting every possible primary source on the subject to enable a clearer view of the facts. Beginning with documents from the immediate aftermath of her husbands assassination and ending with reminiscences by friends and family in the mid-twentieth century, Mary Lincolns Insanity Case: A Documentary History compiles more than one hundred letters, dozens of newspaper articles, editorials, and legal documents, and the daily patient progress reports from Bellevue Place Sanitarium during Mary Lincolns incarceration. Including many materials that have never been previously published, Emerson also collects multiple reminiscences, interviews, and diaries of people who knew Mary Lincoln or were involved in the case, including the first-hand recollection of one of the jurors in the 1875 insanity trial.
Suggesting neither accusation nor exoneration of the embattled First Lady, Mary Lincolns Insanity Case: A Documentary History gives scholars and history enthusiasts incomparable access to the documents and information crucial to understanding this vexing chapter in American history.

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Mary Lincolns Insanity Case 2012 by Jason Emerson All rights reserved - photo 1
Mary Lincolns Insanity Case
2012 by Jason Emerson All rights reserved Manufactured in the United States of - photo 2
2012 by Jason Emerson
All rights reserved
Manufactured in the United States of America
C 5 4 3 2 1
Picture 3This book is printed on acid-free paper.
Frontispiece: Photograph of First Lady Mary Lincoln in mourning gown and bonnet, probably around 1862, after son Willie Lincolns death. Courtesy Allan County Public Library, Fort Wayne, Indiana.
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Emerson, Jason, 1975
Mary Lincolns insanity case : a documentary history / Jason Emerson.
p. cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 978-0-252-03707-8 (hardcover : alk. paper)
ISBN 978-0-252-09417-0 (e-book) 1. Lincoln, Mary Todd, 18181882Mental health. 2. Lincoln, Mary Todd, 18181882Trials, litigation, etc. 3. NewspapersUnited StatesHistory19th centurySources. 4. Presidents spousesUnited StatesBiography. 5. Lincoln, Abraham, 18091865Family. 6. Mental illnessUnited StatesCase studies. I. Title.
E457.25.L55E47 2012
973.7092dc23 2011052789
Acknowledgments
Numerous people assisted me in locating and compiling the documents in this book, and I owe them all a debt of thanks.
Kara Vetter, registrar, Indiana State Library, Indianapolis, Indiana; Cindy Van Horn, curator, Lincoln Financial Foundation Collection, Allen County Public Library, Fort Wayne, Indiana; James Cornelius, Lincoln Collection curator, and Glenna Schroeder-Lein, manuscripts librarian, Abraham Lincoln Presidential Library, Springfield, Illinois; Holly Snyder, North American history librarian, John Hay Library, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island; Daniel Meyer, associate director, Special Collections and Research Center, University of Chicago Library; Lynn Eaton, research services librarian, Rare Book, Manuscript and Special Collections Library, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina; John L. Popolis Jr., museum technician, Lincoln Home National Historic Site, Springfield, Illinois; Michelle Ganz, archivist and special collections librarian, Abraham Lincoln Library and Museum, Harrogate, Tennessee; and Deborah Emerson, my stepmother and executive director, Central New York Library Resources Council.
The articles, Mary Todd Lincoln: Patient at Bellevue Place, Batavia, by Rodney A. Ross, and New Mary Lincoln Letter Found, by Jason Emerson, were published previously by the Journal of the Illinois State Historical Society, and I thank the society for permission to republish selections from those works.
Thanks also to my good friend and fellow Lincoln enthusiast Jonda Anderson, who read over the manuscript and offered excellent feedback.
Introduction
Shortly before Mary Lincoln was declared insane by a Chicago jury in May 1875, one resident summed up the public knowledge and feeling in the city about the former first lady in a letter to a friend:
We are sorry to hear that poor Mrs. Abraham Lincoln, who lives here, has had a nervous breakdown. One can hardly wonder at it, with all she has been through. Being in the White House during the civil war was enough of a strain, even without the tragic death of her husband, to which she was a witness. It must have been awful for her. Poor woman. They say she is haunted by the fear that Chicago is to be destroyed by fire again, and she has gone to the bank and removed all her valuables, in order to take them out of the city, in case the dreaded conflagration comes. Her son, Robert T. Lincoln, a lawyer here, is most kind and attentive to her. One hears nothing but praise for his conduct.
In fact, Mary Lincolns life and mental health in the decade after her husbands assassination was far more complex, pitiable, and worrisome than anyone except her oldest son truly understood. The one thing that nearly the entire country agreed on, however, was that Abraham Lincolns murder had driven his wife insane. This belief followed her the rest of her life, and was remarked on often at the time of her death. Even Rev. James A. Reed, during Mary Lincolns funeral in July 1882, said, It is no reflection upon either the strength of her mind or the tenderness of her heart, to say that when Abraham Lincoln died, she died. The lightning that struck down the strong man, unnerved the woman. The sharp iron of this pungent grief went to her soul. The terrible shock, with its quick following griefs, in the death of her children, left her mentally and physically a wreck, as it might have left any of us in the same circumstance.
But even then most people truly did not know Marys history in the years following April 1865.
After leaving the White House, Mary lived in Chicago with her remaining sons Robert and Tad. In 1868 she took Tad to Europe to travel, but specifically to improve his education. They returned to America in 1871, but shortly after their arrival in Chicago seventeen-year-old Tad died of pleurisy. After the death of her youngest child, her troublesome little sunshine as she once called him, Mary Lincolns long-remarked-on eccentricities became even more pronounced. Robert Lincoln, Marys oldest and last surviving son, was so concerned over his mothers health and safety that he hired a personal nurse, Ellen Fitzgerald, to be her constant companion as she traveled restlessly around the United States and Canada. Robert was, in 1872, not yet thirty years old, married and with a three-year-old daughter, and a partner in his own law firm in Chicago.
In 1873 Mary Lincoln began medical care under Dr. Willis Danforth for what he diagnosed as fever and nervous derangement of the head. By March 1875, Mary Lincoln was suffering from mental troubles including hallucinations, delusions, paranoia, and depression. Her statements and actions had become so bizarre and worrisome to her oldest son that he consulted seven of the Midwests best medical experts and three of his fathers closest friends seeking advice. They all advised him that his mother was insane and needed medical treatment. Since Mary would never voluntary acquiesce to psychiatric care, Robert followed Illinois state law and had his mother tried in county court on the charge of insanity.
Mary Lincolns insanity trial on May 19, 1875, lasted for three hours during which time eighteen witnessesdoctors, hotel employees, and shopkeeperstestified that she was mentally impaired and needed medical attention. Robert himself took the stand, explained his mothers history, and declared that he had no doubt she was insane. She has been of unsound mind since the death of father; has been irresponsible for the past ten years, he said amidst multiple tearful breakdowns. The jury took less than ten minutes to declare Mary Lincoln insane and a fit person to be committed to a sanitarium for medical treatment. Robert was subsequently named the conservator of his mothers estate and had total control of her property and finances.
Robert arranged for his mothers treatment at Bellevue Place sanitarium, a private asylum in Batavia, Illinois, run by Dr. Richard J. Patterson. During the first weeks and months of her residence in Batavia, both Dr. Patterson and Robert Lincoln believed Mary to be improving. After two months, however, Mary, believing herself perfectly sane and imprisoned against her will, hatched a plot to secure her freedom. She enlisted the help of her old friends and legal advisors, James and Myra Bradwell, and with them she launched a campaignboth public and privatefor her release.
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