Dennis B. Worthen - Medicines for the Union Army: The United States Army Laboratories During the Civil War
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Medicines for the Union Army: The United States Army Laboratories During the Civil War: summary, description and annotation
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It wasnt only combat that killed during the Civil War!
Among white Federalist troops alone, there were 1,213,685 cases of malaria, 139,638 cases of typhoid fever, 67,762 cases of measles, 61,202 cases of pneumonia, 73,382 cases of syphilis, and 109,202 cases of gonorrhea between May 1, 1861 and June 30, 1866. (Statistics for Negro troops covered less than three years of the Civil War period.)
Preventative medicine at the time had little more to offer than quinine and a few disinfectants. There was no real understanding of the germ theory of disease.
But Medicines for the Union Army: The United States Army Laboratories During the Civil War shows that in the evolution of the armys Medical Department from incompetence to general efficiency during this time, and in the vastly improved organization and supply system designed by William A. Hammond, Jonathan Letterman, the medical purveyors, and others working under the Surgeon General, there was evidence of a great achievement.
In Medicines for the Union Army you will come to understand the medical purveying system of the time and its problems, and you will witness the birth, growth, and remarkable achievements of the Federal governments pharmaceutical laboratories at Astoria, New York, and Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
Medicines for the Union Army will inform and enlighten you about the these laboratories, including:
Among white Federalist troops alone, there were 1,213,685 cases of malaria, 139,638 cases of typhoid fever, 67,762 cases of measles, 61,202 cases of pneumonia, 73,382 cases of syphilis, and 109,202 cases of gonorrhea between May 1, 1861 and June 30, 1866. (Statistics for Negro troops covered less than three years of the Civil War period.)
Preventative medicine at the time had little more to offer than quinine and a few disinfectants. There was no real understanding of the germ theory of disease.
But Medicines for the Union Army: The United States Army Laboratories During the Civil War shows that in the evolution of the armys Medical Department from incompetence to general efficiency during this time, and in the vastly improved organization and supply system designed by William A. Hammond, Jonathan Letterman, the medical purveyors, and others working under the Surgeon General, there was evidence of a great achievement.
In Medicines for the Union Army you will come to understand the medical purveying system of the time and its problems, and you will witness the birth, growth, and remarkable achievements of the Federal governments pharmaceutical laboratories at Astoria, New York, and Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
Medicines for the Union Army will inform and enlighten you about the these laboratories, including:
- the funding and transportation obstacles faced at the Astoria lab
- the processes by which raw materials became drugs ready for distribution
- drug testing and inspection methods
- the bottling of medicinal whiskey and wine at the labs
- the people whose work laid the foundation for modern drug production and distribution methods
- the contents of the medical supply cases (panniers) and wagons in use at the time . . . and much more!
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Medicines for the Union Army
The United States
Army Laboratories
During the Civil War
Medicines for the Union Army
The United States
Army Laboratories
During the Civil War
George Winston Smith
First published by
Pharmaceutical Heritage Editions, a series from Pharmaceutical Products Press, an imprint of The Haworth Press, Inc., 10 Alice Street, Binghamton, NY 13904-1580
This edition published 2012 by Routledge
Routledge
Taylor & Francis Group
711 Third Avenue
New York, NY 10017
Routledge
Taylor & Francis Group
2 Park Square, Milton Park
Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN
2001 by The Haworth Press, Inc. All rights reserved. No part of this work may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, microfilm, and recording, or by any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher.
Cover design by Monica L. Seifert.
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Smith, George Winston.
Medicines for the Union Army : the United States Army laboratories during the Civil War / George Winston Smith.
p. cm.
Originally published: Madison, Wsc. : American Institute of the History of Pharmacy, 1962.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 0-7890-0946-3 (hard : alk. paper) ISBN 0-7890-0947-1 (soft : alk. paper)
1. United StatesHistoryCivil War, 1861-1865Medical care. 2. Medicine, MilitaryResearchUnited StatesHistory19th century. 3. LaboratoriesUnited StatesHistory19th century. 4. United States. ArmyHistoryCivil War, 1861-1865. I. Title.
E621 .S66 2000
973.775dc21
00-031924
About the Author
George Winston Smith served as Professor of History at the University of New Mexico. His other books include Henry C. Carey and American Sectional Conflict, and with co-author Charles Judah, Life in the North During the Civil War and Unchosen. Smith and Judah also co-edited Chronicles of the Gringos: The U.S. Army in the Mexican WarAccounts of Eyewitnesses and Combatants.
Nearly forty years have passed since the American Institute of the History of Pharmacy first published George Winston Smiths classic Medicines for the Union Army. It remains the authority on the subject. When The Haworth Press approached us concerning a reprint, we were thrilled at the prospect. Medicines has been out of print for many years and we are tired of telling prospective readers that fact. Moreover, the editors at The Haworth Press have done an excellent job bringing the language into a more contemporary style with small stylistic changes that make the book more accessible for todays readers.
In 1962, Glenn Sonnedecker, then director of the American Institute of the History of Pharmacy, said this about Smiths work:
A century ago many pharmacists were carrying musket or saber or pestle onto the battlefield; drug supplies were becoming uncertain; prices were beginning to rise. The American Civil War affected pharmacy also by spurring the development of pharmaceutical manufacturing, as wars have done before and since. Less well known is that the bloody vastness of the pharmaceutical demand was not met by private enterprise alone. The wars end would close a venture into government drug manufacturing just as firmly as it would close a period of American history. An anachronism of their time, the Union Laboratories gained a place largely because of undisciplined (sometimes chaotic) conditions in the pharmaceutical market, profession and industry, coupled with sudden wartime exigencies.
William Procter, Jr., later affectionately termed a father of American pharmacy, said of the events that swirled about him (1863): The actual history of the medical supplies of the U.S. Army during the present rebellion, will furnish an interesting chapter in the history of the war would it ever be faithfully written.
According to Sonnedecker, Smith succeeded in writing that interesting chapter with Medicines for the Union Army.* The books attention to scholarship will no doubt keep readers informed about this subject for decades to come.
Gregory J. Higby, Director
American Institute of the History of Pharmacy
Madison, Wisconsin
*Glenn Sonnedecker, Foreword, in George Winston Smith, Medicines for the Union Army (Madison, WI: American Institute of the History of Pharmacy, 1962), p. v.
It is impossible to list all of the librarians whose helpfulness and efficiency made the research easier. Among them, however, I should like to mention Miss Winifred Sewell, then Librarian at The Squibb Institute for Medical Research Library, New Brunswick, New Jersey; Mrs. Elizabeth W. Johnson, Librarian, Philadelphia College of Pharmacy and Science Library; Miss Mildred E. Blake, Librarian, Lovelace Foundation for Medical Education and Research, Albuquerque; Mr. Charles Roos, Documents Librarian, National Library of Medicine; Miss Ruth H. Davis, Library of the Wisconsin State Historical Society; Miss Genevieve Porterfield, Mr. Charles W. Warren, and Mr. Robert B. Harness, all of the University of New Mexico library. In addition, I wish to thank my friend, Mr. Buford Rowland, of the National Archives, Washington, D.C., for the encouragement and cooperation he gave to me. Dean Roy Bowers, when he was Dean of the College of Pharmacy, University of New Mexico, had much to do with establishing in that universitys library a collection of source materials (some of the volumes coming from his personal library) that made this study possible. Mr. William H. Owings was both skillful and resourceful in preparing most of the prints for illustrations.
The research was partially financed by two grants from the Social Science Research Council, these grants being made for a wider study of the North during the Civil War of which this is a part. This book, however, neither could have been carried beyond its initial stages nor completed without the kind help, inspiration, and support given to me in many ways by Dr. Glenn Sonnedecker, Director of the American Institute of the History of Pharmacy. My debt to him is immeasurable. I also wish to express my appreciation to Dr. Ernst W. Stieb, Secretary of the Institute, for his courteous and friendly aid. My wife, Helen M. Smith, was my constant co-worker at every stage.
George Winston Smith, 1962
In the final months of the Civil War, as the Army of the Potomac besieged Petersburg and Sherman made ready at Savannah for his devastating sweep northward through the Carolinas, William Procter Jr., the father of American pharmacy, reflected upon the quantities of medicines that had been supplied to the Union army. He concluded that never before, not even in the wars of Europe, had military pharmaceutical operations reached such tremendous proportions. Procter could have elaborated by noting that the number of casualties might have been as large or even larger in previous European wars, but that the degree of neglect had always exceeded the amount of attention given to the sick and wounded.
Even in France, where military medicine had developed to a high degree of perfection during the reign of Louis XIV, the military hospitals that le roi soleil ordered to be erected were chiefly used for the enrichment of the civilian entrepreneurs who administered them.
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