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Max Hooper - Blockchain Enabled Applications: Understand the Blockchain Ecosystem and How to Make it Work for You

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Max Hooper Blockchain Enabled Applications: Understand the Blockchain Ecosystem and How to Make it Work for You

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Work with blockchain and understand its potential application beyond cryptocurrencies in the domains of healthcare, Internet of Things, finance, decentralized organizations, and open science. Featuring case studies and practical insights generated from a start-up spun off from the authors own lab, this book covers a unique mix of topics not found in others and offers insight into how to overcome real hurdles that arise as the market and consumers grow accustomed to blockchain based start-ups.

Youll start with a review of the historical origins of blockchain and explore the basic cryptography needed to make the blockchain work for Bitcoin. You will then learn about the technical advancements made in the surrounded ecosystem: the Ethereum virtual machine, Solidity, Colored Coins, the Hyperledger Project, Blockchain-as-a-service offered through IBM, Microsoft and more.

This book looks at the consequences of machine-to-machine transactions using the blockchain socially, technologically, economically and politically. Blockchain Enabled Applications provides you with a clear perspective of the ecosystem that has developed around the blockchain and the various industries it has penetrated.

What Youll Learn

  • Implement the code-base from Fabric and Sawtooth, two open source blockchain-efforts being developed under the Hyperledger Project
  • Evaluate the benefits of integrating blockchain with emerging technologies, such as machine learning and artificial intelligence in the cloud
  • Use the practical insights provided by the case studies to your own projects or start-up ideas
  • Set up a development environment to compile and manage projects

Who This Book Is For

Developers who are interested in learning about the blockchain as a data-structure, the recent advancements being made and how to implement the code-base.

Decision makers within large corporations (product managers, directors or CIO level executives) interested in implementing the blockchain who need more practical insights and not just theory.

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Vikram Dhillon, David Metcalf, and Max Hooper 2017
Vikram Dhillon , David Metcalf and Max Hooper Blockchain Enabled Applications
10. The Hyperledger Project
Vikram Dhillon 1, David Metcalf 1 and Max Hooper 1
(1)
Orlando, Florida, USA
The Hyperledger Project is a Linux Foundation initiative to develop an open source ecosystem of blockchain development. The Linux Foundation aims to create an environment in which communities of software developers and companies meet and coordinate to build blockchain frameworks. Hyperledger itself is not another cryptocurrency, but rather an open hub for enterprise-grade blockchain projects to incubate and mature through all stages of development and commercialization. In this chapter, we talk about the current state of the Hyperledger Project, with a focus on the currently incubating projects, a summary of the project scope being implemented, and a review of the comprehensive set of technologies involved in creating an open source enterprise-grade blockchain.
Current Status
Under the Hyperledger Project, eight projects are currently incubating: There are five frameworks in the pipeline, and three development tools that go with those frameworks. In this section, we will first provide a brief summary of all eight projects, and then focus on two specific blockchain platforms - Fabric and Sawtooth. Let's begin with an overview:
  • Sawtooth : This is an Intel effort to create an open source blockchain. Hyperledger Sawtooth is a modular platform for building, deploying, and running distributed ledgers. It includes a new consensus algorithm called Proof of Elapsed Time (PoET), which targets large distributed validator populations with minimal resource consumption. It allows both permissioned and permissionless ledgers to be deployed on a large scale.
  • Iroha : This is a coherent set of libraries and components that will allow adoption of distributed ledger technologies into existing infrastructure. There is a heavy focus on mobile libraries and mobile applications. Data storage and synchronization done off-device and a default reputation system are implemented network-wide to ensure validated nodes.
  • Fabric : This is a blockchain development framework for developing enterprise applications with a modular architecture. It is intended to be a component-based system with an emphasis on plug-and-play features such as pluggable consensus, and unique membership services for different user roles.
  • Burrow: This permissioned blockchain node executes smart contracts in a similar manner to the EVM. Burrow is built to be executed in a multichain environment with application-specific smart contracts. A Burrow node can provide contract execution services to multiple connected blockchains compatible with each other but running a different domain. A Burrow node has three main components: the consensus engine, the permissioned EVM, and a remote call gateway to execute contracts.
  • Indy : This is a Hyperledger software development kit (SDK) that allows self-sovereign identity to be built into distributed ledgers. This SDK provides wrappers for many languages to add new features and build better decentralized identity managers.
  • Composer: This is a Hyperledger front-end interface to build and deploy simple blockchain networks for specific use cases. Hyperledger Composer allows us to write simple smart contracts and deploy them to an internal blockchain network. In a large development setting, only a few core users would update the code for a ledger such as Fabric. Most users would be working within Composer to access the blockchain and carry out the daily activities of accessing and updating the blockchain.
  • Explorer: Similar to any traditional blockchain explorer, Hyperledger Explorer allows a user to query blocks, search through transactions and associated data, network health and information, types of smart contracts being executed, and transaction families stored in the ledger. This project will be compatible with any blockchains deployed with Hyperledger, so new projects do not have to design a new explorer module.
  • Cello : This is a management tool for deployments of blockchain-as-a-service instances. Cello simplifies the process of creating blockchain instances and reduces the effort required for creating, managing, and terminating blockchains. It provides a containerized blockchain service that can be deployed to existing infrastructures on the cloud, bare metal, virtual machines, or special container platforms.
Governance
These eight projects are all under the umbrella of Hyperledger, and hosted by the Linux Foundation. How does the Linux Foundation support the Hyperledger Project as a parent organzation? It helps by providing governance, both technical and legal governance. The Linux Foundation has a deep understanding of how to build open source communities, and as the incubating projects mature, they need dedicated help in terms of community organizing, legal work, and marketing. That's where the Linux Foundation steps in, by building a technical community and an ecosystem for blockchain development, along with auxiliary support for legal and branding work. Figure shows the Linux Foundation umbrella and how the Hyperledger Project is organized under it.
Figure 10-1 How the various Hypleredger projects and technologies fit under - photo 1
Figure 10-1.
How the various Hypleredger projects and technologies fit under the larger umbrella of the Linux Foundation
The technical governance in Hyperledger is provided by the Technical Steering Committee (TSC). The TSC is an implementation of Open Governance, whereby major technical design decisions are made by a group of community-elected developers drawn from a pool of active participants. Hyperledger recently had the 2017-2018 TSC elections by following the ABCs of Open Governance: Actively participating contributors are eligible to participate in the election, Bring your nominations for the committee, Cast your vote through a secure channel. In the context of Hyperledger, this mechanism of a developer-led committee to make long lasting design decisions is close to the ideal of a technical meritocracy followed in most open source projects.
Fabric and Sawtooth
Hyperledger Fabric is a modular implementation of the blockchain architecture with pluggable functions including consensus, private membership, and transaction functions. In this section, we take a closer look at three particular features of Fabric: chaincode, types of nodes, and private channels. Fabric blockchain runs smart-contracts in the form of programs called chaincode and the only mechanism of interacting with a chaincode is through transactions. All transactions on the network have to be endorsed, only endorsed transactions can be committed to the blockchain and update the global state. Chaincode can be referenced by two types of transactions:
  • Deploy transactions: Allow new chaincode to be created, take the program as a parameter. When the transaction has been validated and executed successfully, the chaincode is considered to be installed on the blockchain.
  • Invoke transactions: Allow a chaincode program to be executed on the blockchain. An invoke transaction calls a specific function from a chaincode that the client requested to execute. It must be noted that invoke transactions only work successfully in the context of a previously deployed program. The result of an invoke transaction is successful execution of chaincode and ultimately, modification of the local/global state with a returned output.
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