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Tom Igoe - Beginning NFC: Near Field Communication with Arduino, Android, and PhoneGap

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Tom Igoe Beginning NFC: Near Field Communication with Arduino, Android, and PhoneGap

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Beginning NFC
Near Field Communication with Arduino, Android, and PhoneGap
Tom Igoe
Don Coleman
Brian Jepson
Dedication

This book is dedicated to Red Burns.

Chapter 1. Introduction

This book started life innocently enough in an email from Brian to Tom in March 2011. Brian thought it would be a good idea to add a couple of lines to the second edition of another book about near field communication, Making Things Talk , which we were working on at the time. There was already a chapter on radio frequency identification (RFID) in the book, so how hard could it be? Two and a half years later, weve learned a lot about NFC along the way and picked up an excellent and knowledgeable collaborator, Don Coleman, author of the NFC plug-in for PhoneGap.

Even though NFC has a lot of potential, most of the material written about it so far hasnt been written for the casual programmer. Everything out there assumed that if you wanted to know about NFC, you were prepared to do it from the silicon up. You had to understand the details of the various RFID specs involved, and you had to be prepared to write code that interpreted the byte stream from an NFC reader one byte at a time. While its useful to understand that, we figured NFC would see wider use if programmers could concentrate on what they were using it for, rather than the low-level details. Dons PhoneGap library was the best tool we found to do just that. It lets you design NFC exchanges in the way we imagine the NFC forum designers intended: you think about the messages being exchanged and dont worry about the rest.

Most of this book is written in that spirit. Youll learn about the basics of the NFC Data Exchange Format (NDEF) by reading and writing messages from device to tag and from device to device. Youll see a few sample applicationssome written for PhoneGap, some for Arduino, and some for Node.jsrunning on embedded devices like the Raspberry Pi and the BeagleBone Black. Youll learn some of the use patterns of NDEF, and youll get a taste of how you might think about the physical interaction of NFC-driven applications.

The state of the art varies from platform to platform, however. Not everything that the NFC Forum specifications describe is accessible to the casual programmer on every platform yet. Weve attempted to give you a roadmap in this book, particularly in the later chapters, as to what the current state of development is, and where there is still room for usability improvement.

We hope that this book will help the casual programmer get a sense of what can be done using NFC, and that it will inspire more professional developers to create simple-to-use tools to help spread its use.

Who This Book Is For

You dont have to be a trained professional programmer to read this book. We tried to write it for programming enthusiastspeople whove picked up some knowledge along the way, but maybe not in a formal learning setting. You wont learn to write enterprise-level code here, but you will get a practical introduction to what near field communication is and how to program applications using it on Android, Arduino, and embedded Linux.

We assume you have some familiarity with programming, however. You will want to be familiar with JavaScript and HTML for most of the examples in the book. Youll get introduced to a little C in the Arduino projects, but if youre familiar with JavaScript or Java, it will look familiar enough. For those latter projects, you should be a little familiar with electronics, but you dont have to be.

Recommended Reading

What? I have to read other books in order to read this book? No, but there are a few books that we found helpful in writing this one. We thought you might find them useful as well.

If youre new to JavaScript, read Douglas Crockfords JavaScript: The Good Parts . Come to think of it, read it if youre an old hand at JavaScript. Itll make you a better programmer. He explains the theoretical underpinnings of the language and the best use patterns clearly and definitively.

For PhoneGap and Android, the online Getting Started Guides are the most up-to-date references; see the PhoneGap developer portal and the Android developer site. For more in-depth introductions to Android, see Professional Android 4 Application Development or Android Programming: The Big Nerd Ranch Guide .

For an in-depth introduction to NFC from an engineering perspective, the by Vedat Coskun, Kerem Ok, and Busra Ozdenizci to be a good reference, particularly for experienced Java programmers. We have deliberately taken a more populist approach than that book, since many of our readers are hobbyists, hackers, and other self-identified dilettante programmers.

If youre new to Arduino, Massimo Banzis Getting Started with Arduino is an excellent starting place. Tom Igoes Making Things Talk, 2nd Edition is a good book for experienced programmers to learn about connecting Arduino projects to networks. Michael Margolis Arduino Cookbook has some handy recipes for Arduino programs as well.

For an introduction to Node.js, which pops up later in this book, Brett McLaughlins What is Node? is a nice essay-length introduction with no code. Manuel Kiesslings The Node Beginner Book and Pedro Teixeiras Hands-On Node.js are helpful and short guides to getting started with the actual code.

For a good introduction to the Raspberry Pi or the BeagleBone Black, which youll encounter in by Matt Richardson are also good introductions.

Whats Covered in This Book

gives you an introduction to near field communication (NFC) by comparing it to radio frequency identification (RFID). Simply put, NFC is a superset of RFID. It can do most things short-range RFID can do, and more. Youll get a preview of the most important terms, a look at the architecture of an NFC system, and learn what tools you need and where to get them.

introduces you to PhoneGap and the NFC plug-in for PhoneGap. Youll install the tools necessary to develop PhoneGap applications for Android and build and run your first couple of applications. By the end of this chapter, youll have read your first NFC tag using an Android device.

is an in-depth overview of the NFC Data Exchange Format (NDEF). Youll learn how its structured and see it in practice by writing an application that performs the same basic task using different types of NDEF records, to see how each record type affects user interaction on Android.

covers how to listen for NDEF messages on Android. Youll learn how to filter for different types of tags and messages, and how the Android Tag Dispatch system can be used to your advantage when developing NFC apps.

In , youll build a full NFC application on Android that features a full user interface, audio playback, and control of web-connected lighting, all mediated by NFC tags. The goal of this chapter is to show you how to plan the interaction design and data formatting of an application to best take advantage of NFC.

brings another platform into play: the Arduino microcontroller development platform. Youll learn how to read and write NDEF messages using the Arduino NDEF library. Youll also develop another full application using Arduino and Node.js.

introduces you to peer-to-peer exchanges using NFC on Android. Youll learn how the record types youre exchanging through peer-to-peer affect the receiving device, and youll learn about how NFC can negotiate the handoff of larger exchanges to alternate carriers like Bluetooth and WiFi.

gives you the state of the art on NFC development on embedded Linux platforms using the Raspberry Pi and BeagleBone as examples. Youll get an understanding of whats possible on embedded Linux, and see a few sample applications in Node.js. Theres still a lot of room for usability improvements in this context, so be warned that this chapter is not for the technically timid. Youll want some familiarity with the Linux command-line interface to get the most out of this chapter. This is where some of the most exciting possibilities for NFC use lie, though, so its good territory to know.

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