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Ben Kiernan - Viet Nam: A History from Earliest Times to the Present

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Ben Kiernan Viet Nam: A History from Earliest Times to the Present
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For many Westerners, the name Vietnam evokes images of a bloody televised American war that generated a firestorm of protest and brought conflict into their living rooms. In his sweeping account, Ben Kiernan broadens this vision by narrating the rich history of the peoples who have inhabited the land now known as Viet Nam over the past three thousand years. Despite the tragedies of the American-Vietnamese conflict, Viet Nam has always been much more than a war. Its long history had been characterized by the frequent rise and fall of different political formations, from ancient chiefdoms to imperial provinces, from independent kingdoms to divided regions, civil wars, French colonies, and modern republics. In addition to dramatic political transformations, the region has been shaped by its environment, changing climate, and the critical importance of water, with rivers, deltas, and a long coastline facilitating agricultural patterns, trade, and communications. Kiernan weaves together the many narrative strands of Viet Nams multi-ethnic populations, including the Chams, Khmers, and Vietnamese, and its multi-religious heritage, from local spirit cults to Buddhism, Confucianism, and Catholicism. He emphasizes the peoples interactions over the millennia with foreigners, particularly their neighbors in China and Southeast Asia, in engagements ranging from military conflict to linguistic and cultural influences. He sets the tumultuous modern period--marked by French and Japanese occupation, anticolonial nationalism, the American-Vietnamese war, and communist victory--against the continuities evident in the deeper history of the peoples relationships with the lands where they have lived. In contemporary times, he explores this one-party states transformation into a global trading nation, the countrys tense diplomatic relationship with China and developing partnership with the United States in maintaining Southeast Asias regional security, and its uncertain prospects for democracy. Written by a leading scholar of Southeast Asia, Viet Nam presents an authoritative history of an ancient land.

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Vit Nam
Other Books by Ben Kiernan

How Pol Pot Came to Power: Colonialism, Nationalism, and Communism in Cambodia, 19301975

The Pol Pot Regime: Race, Power, and Genocide in Cambodia under the Khmer Rouge, 19751979

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Vit Nam
A History from Earliest Times to the Present

Ben Kiernan

Viet Nam A History from Earliest Times to the Present - image 1

Viet Nam A History from Earliest Times to the Present - image 2

Oxford University Press is a department of the University of Oxford. It furthers the Universitys objective of excellence in research, scholarship, and education by publishing worldwide. Oxford is a registered trade mark of Oxford University Press in the UK and certain other countries.

Published in the United States of America by Oxford University Press 198 Madison Avenue, New York, NY 10016, United States of America.

Ben Kiernan 2017

All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, without the prior permission in writing of Oxford University Press, or as expressly permitted by law, by license, or under terms agreed with the appropriate reproduction rights organization. Inquiries concerning reproduction outside the scope of the above should be sent to the Rights Department, Oxford University Press, at the address above.

You must not circulate this work in any other form and you must impose this same condition on any acquirer.

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Names: Kiernan, Ben, author.

Title: Vi.t Nam : a history from earliest times to the present / Ben Kiernan. Other titles: Vi.t Nam, a history from earliest times to the present Description: New York City : Oxford University Press, [2017] | Includes bibliographical references and index. Identifiers: LCCN 2016035618 (print) | LCCN 2016036923 (ebook) | ISBN 9780195160765 (hardcover : alk. paper) | ISBN 9780190627294 (Updf) | ISBN 9780190627300 (Epub)

Subjects: LCSH: VietnamHistory.

Classification: LCC DS556.5 .K53 2017 (print) | LCC DS556.5 (ebook) | DDC 959.7 dc23

LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2016035618

1 3 5 7 9 8 6 4 2

Printed by Edwards Brothers Malloy, United States of America

Published with the assistance of the Frederick W. Hilles Publication Fund of Yale University, the Whitney and Betty MacMillan Center for International and Area Studies at Yale, and the Yale Council on Southeast Asia Studies.

The author has made his best efforts to secure permission for the use of all copyrighted images and material. Any rights holders with questions are encouraged to contact the author care of Oxford University Press.

for Glenda, Mia-lia, Derry, and Miles

Contents
ANCLAn Nam ch lc (Brief annals of Annam, 1307)
ANOMArchives Nationales dOutre-Mer (Aix-en-Provence, France)
ARVNArmy of the Republic of [South] Vit Nam
BajarakaPolitical movement of Bahnar, Rhad, Jarai, and Koho (C Ho) ethnic groups
BEFEOBulletin de lEcole Franaise dExtrme-Orient
CCCentral Committee
Ch.Chinese language
CIDGCivilian Irregular Defense Groups (South Vit Nam)
COSVNCentral Office for South Vit Nam (communist)
DNTLi Nam thc lc (Veritable records of i Nam), 1811
DVSKi Vit s k (Record of the history of i Vit, 1272)
DVSKTTi Vit s k ton th (Complete historical records of i Vit, 1479)
DRVDemocratic Republic of Vit Nam, 194576 (North Vit Nam)
FBIS-APAForeign Broadcast Information Service, Daily Report, Asia and Pacific
FEERFar Eastern Economic Review
FULROFront Unifi de la Lutte des Races Opprims
GBAGeneral Buddhist Association of Vit Nam
GGIGouvernement-Gnral de lIndochine (ANOM).
GVNGovernment of Vit Nam, 195475 (South Vit Nam)
ICPIndochina Communist Party (ng Dng Cng Sn ng), 193051
MAAG(U.S.) Military Assistance Advisory Group, 195562
MACV(U.S.) Military Assistance Command, Vietnam, 196273
MOS(CIA) Military Operations Section
NLFNational Liberation Front of [South] Vit Nam (Vit Cng)
NYTNew York Times
PAVNPeoples Army of [North] Vit Nam
PLAFPeoples Liberation Armed Forces of South Vit Nam
PMSPays Montagnards du Sud
PRGProvisional Revolutionary Government of South Vit Nam, 196975
PSA(U.S.) Province Senior Adviser
RSARsidence Suprieure en Annam (ANOM)
RST (NF)Rsidence Suprieure au Tonkin (Nouveaux Fonds), (ANOM)
RVNRepublic of [South] Vit Nam, 195575
SourcesSources of Vietnamese Tradition, ed. George E. Dutton, Jayne S. Werner, and John K. Whitmore (New York, Columbia University Press, 2012)
SVNState of Vit Nam, 194955
SRVSocialist Republic of Vit Nam, 1976
V.Vietnamese language
VCVit Cng
VCIViet Cong Infrastructure
VCPVit Nam Communist Party, 1976
VDLTVit in u linh tp (Departed spirits of the Vit Realm, 1329)
VNQDDVit Nam Nationalist Party (Vit Nam Quc Dn ng, or VNQD)
VSLVit s lc (Brief history of Vit, c. 1350)
VWPVit Nam Workers Party, 195176
Weights and Measures
hahectare(s); 1 hectare = 2.47 acres
kgkilogram; 1 kilogram = 2.2 lbs.
kmkilometer(s); 1 kilometer = 0.62 miles
mmeter(s); 1 meter = 1.09 yards
picul133 lbs.
quana string of hundreds of cash coins
quan tina string of six hundred cash coins
thng2 liters, or 2.67 kg (5.89 lbs.) of grain

In the case of Vit Nam and other proper names, I have used Vietnamese spelling with diacritics, except for the cities of Saigon (Si Gn) and Hanoi (H Ni), while making a distinction in between the city of Hanoi and rural H Ni province. For Chm and Khmer names, I have generally not used diacritics, except where indicated in the sources.

For Chinese terms, I have used Pinyin except for other forms of romanization where the original characters were undetermined. Tonal marks are used sparingly, mainly for clarity, as in Yu.

In quotations, I have preserved the original spellings.

I first visited Vit Nam as a student, three months before the American-Vietnamese war ended in 1975. Early that January, communist forces had just overrun the southern town of Phc Bnh, capital of Phc Long province. But then a month of apparent calm preceded their final military campaign of March and April. Public buses running regularly from Saigon took me north to the Central Highlands, to the southeast coast, and west through the Mekong delta to the Gulf of Siam. Even in wartime, and without speaking Vietnamese or being able to visit central or northern Vit Nam, I was struck by the countrys diversity and its long multiethnic and pluri-religious history. I talked with Vietnamese Catholic university students in the hill town of Lt, photographed medieval Cham Hindu temples by the sea, and watched ethnic Khmer children play in the grounds of a Buddhist wat in the delta. In Long Xuyn province, leaders of the anticommunist Ha Ho Buddhist sect welcomed me to their historic headquarters, and in the west-coast town of Rch Ga I met a former resident of a longtime communist-held zone in the U Minh forest. Back on the sidewalks of Saigon, I admired the Chinese calligraphy of an elderly scholar trained in the classical Confucian tradition. And I interviewed a Buddhist neutralist senator who would soon briefly become the last prime minister of the Republic of Vit Nam. I took away a strong impression of Vit Nams variety, not only culturally and politically but across space and time as well.

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