Vit Nam
A History from Earliest Times to the Present
Ben Kiernan
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Ben Kiernan 2017
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Names: Kiernan, Ben, author.
Title: Vi.t Nam : a history from earliest times to the present / Ben Kiernan. Other titles: Vi.t Nam, a history from earliest times to the present Description: New York City : Oxford University Press, [2017] | Includes bibliographical references and index. Identifiers: LCCN 2016035618 (print) | LCCN 2016036923 (ebook) | ISBN 9780195160765 (hardcover : alk. paper) | ISBN 9780190627294 (Updf) | ISBN 9780190627300 (Epub)
Subjects: LCSH: VietnamHistory.
Classification: LCC DS556.5 .K53 2017 (print) | LCC DS556.5 (ebook) | DDC 959.7 dc23
LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2016035618
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Printed by Edwards Brothers Malloy, United States of America
Published with the assistance of the Frederick W. Hilles Publication Fund of Yale University, the Whitney and Betty MacMillan Center for International and Area Studies at Yale, and the Yale Council on Southeast Asia Studies.
The author has made his best efforts to secure permission for the use of all copyrighted images and material. Any rights holders with questions are encouraged to contact the author care of Oxford University Press.
for Glenda, Mia-lia, Derry, and Miles
Contents
ANCL | An Nam ch lc (Brief annals of Annam, 1307) |
ANOM | Archives Nationales dOutre-Mer (Aix-en-Provence, France) |
ARVN | Army of the Republic of [South] Vit Nam |
Bajaraka | Political movement of Bahnar, Rhad, Jarai, and Koho (C Ho) ethnic groups |
BEFEO | Bulletin de lEcole Franaise dExtrme-Orient |
CC | Central Committee |
Ch. | Chinese language |
CIDG | Civilian Irregular Defense Groups (South Vit Nam) |
COSVN | Central Office for South Vit Nam (communist) |
DNTL | i Nam thc lc (Veritable records of i Nam), 1811 |
DVSK | i Vit s k (Record of the history of i Vit, 1272) |
DVSKTT | i Vit s k ton th (Complete historical records of i Vit, 1479) |
DRV | Democratic Republic of Vit Nam, 194576 (North Vit Nam) |
FBIS-APA | Foreign Broadcast Information Service, Daily Report, Asia and Pacific |
FEER | Far Eastern Economic Review |
FULRO | Front Unifi de la Lutte des Races Opprims |
GBA | General Buddhist Association of Vit Nam |
GGI | Gouvernement-Gnral de lIndochine (ANOM). |
GVN | Government of Vit Nam, 195475 (South Vit Nam) |
ICP | Indochina Communist Party (ng Dng Cng Sn ng), 193051 |
MAAG | (U.S.) Military Assistance Advisory Group, 195562 |
MACV | (U.S.) Military Assistance Command, Vietnam, 196273 |
MOS | (CIA) Military Operations Section |
NLF | National Liberation Front of [South] Vit Nam (Vit Cng) |
NYT | New York Times |
PAVN | Peoples Army of [North] Vit Nam |
PLAF | Peoples Liberation Armed Forces of South Vit Nam |
PMS | Pays Montagnards du Sud |
PRG | Provisional Revolutionary Government of South Vit Nam, 196975 |
PSA | (U.S.) Province Senior Adviser |
RSA | Rsidence Suprieure en Annam (ANOM) |
RST (NF) | Rsidence Suprieure au Tonkin (Nouveaux Fonds), (ANOM) |
RVN | Republic of [South] Vit Nam, 195575 |
Sources | Sources of Vietnamese Tradition, ed. George E. Dutton, Jayne S. Werner, and John K. Whitmore (New York, Columbia University Press, 2012) |
SVN | State of Vit Nam, 194955 |
SRV | Socialist Republic of Vit Nam, 1976 |
V. | Vietnamese language |
VC | Vit Cng |
VCI | Viet Cong Infrastructure |
VCP | Vit Nam Communist Party, 1976 |
VDLT | Vit in u linh tp (Departed spirits of the Vit Realm, 1329) |
VNQDD | Vit Nam Nationalist Party (Vit Nam Quc Dn ng, or VNQD) |
VSL | Vit s lc (Brief history of Vit, c. 1350) |
VWP | Vit Nam Workers Party, 195176 |
Weights and Measures
ha | hectare(s); 1 hectare = 2.47 acres |
kg | kilogram; 1 kilogram = 2.2 lbs. |
km | kilometer(s); 1 kilometer = 0.62 miles |
m | meter(s); 1 meter = 1.09 yards |
picul | 133 lbs. |
quan | a string of hundreds of cash coins |
quan tin | a string of six hundred cash coins |
thng | 2 liters, or 2.67 kg (5.89 lbs.) of grain |
In the case of Vit Nam and other proper names, I have used Vietnamese spelling with diacritics, except for the cities of Saigon (Si Gn) and Hanoi (H Ni), while making a distinction in between the city of Hanoi and rural H Ni province. For Chm and Khmer names, I have generally not used diacritics, except where indicated in the sources.
For Chinese terms, I have used Pinyin except for other forms of romanization where the original characters were undetermined. Tonal marks are used sparingly, mainly for clarity, as in Yu.
In quotations, I have preserved the original spellings.
I first visited Vit Nam as a student, three months before the American-Vietnamese war ended in 1975. Early that January, communist forces had just overrun the southern town of Phc Bnh, capital of Phc Long province. But then a month of apparent calm preceded their final military campaign of March and April. Public buses running regularly from Saigon took me north to the Central Highlands, to the southeast coast, and west through the Mekong delta to the Gulf of Siam. Even in wartime, and without speaking Vietnamese or being able to visit central or northern Vit Nam, I was struck by the countrys diversity and its long multiethnic and pluri-religious history. I talked with Vietnamese Catholic university students in the hill town of Lt, photographed medieval Cham Hindu temples by the sea, and watched ethnic Khmer children play in the grounds of a Buddhist wat in the delta. In Long Xuyn province, leaders of the anticommunist Ha Ho Buddhist sect welcomed me to their historic headquarters, and in the west-coast town of Rch Ga I met a former resident of a longtime communist-held zone in the U Minh forest. Back on the sidewalks of Saigon, I admired the Chinese calligraphy of an elderly scholar trained in the classical Confucian tradition. And I interviewed a Buddhist neutralist senator who would soon briefly become the last prime minister of the Republic of Vit Nam. I took away a strong impression of Vit Nams variety, not only culturally and politically but across space and time as well.