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James T. Streib - Guide to Java

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James T. Streib Guide to Java

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Variables, Registers, and Data Movement -- Input/Output -- Arithmetic Instructions -- Selection Structures -- Iteration Structures -- Logic, Shifting, Rotating, and Stacks -- Procedures and Macros -- Arrays -- Strings -- Floating-Point Instructions -- 64-bit Processing -- Selected Machine Language Instructions -- Appendix A: Directions for MASM in Visual Studio 2019 Community Edition -- Appendix B: Binary, Hexadecimal, Logic, and Arithmetic -- Appendix C: Glossary -- Appendix D: Selected Assembly Language Instructions -- Appendix E: Answers to Selected Exercises.;This concise guide is designed to enable the reader to learn how to program in assembly language as quickly as possible. Through a hands-on programming approach, readers will also learn about the architecture of the Intel processor, and the relationship between high-level and low-level languages. This updated second edition has been expanded with additional exercises, and enhanced with new material on floating-point numbers and 64-bit processing. Topics and features: Provides guidance on simplied register usage, simplied input/output using C-like statements, and the use of high-level control structures Describes the implementation of control structures, without the use of high-level structures, and often with related C program code Illustrates concepts with one or more complete program Presents review summaries in each chapter, together with a variety of exercises, from short-answer questions to programming assignments Covers selection and iteration structures, logic, shift, arithmetic shift, rotate, and stack instructions, procedures and macros, arrays, and strings Includes an introduction to floating-point instructions and 64-bit processing Examines machine language from a discovery perspective, introducing the principles of computer organization A must-have resource for undergraduate students seeking to learn the fundamentals necessary to begin writing logically correct programs in a minimal amount of time, this work will serve as an ideal textbook for an assembly language course, or as a supplementary text for courses on computer organization and architecture. The presentation assumes prior knowledge of the basics of programming in a high-level language such as C, C++, or Java. Dr. James T. Streib is Professor Emeritus of Computer Science at Illinois College, Jacksonville, IL, USA. His other publications include the Springer textbooks Guide to Data Structures and Guide to Java.

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James T. Streib and Takako Soma Undergraduate Topics in Computer Science Guide to Java 2014 A Concise Introduction to Programming 10.1007/978-1-4471-6317-6_1
Springer-Verlag London 2014
1. Variables, Input/Output, and Arithmetic
James T. Streib 1 and Takako Soma 1
(1)
Department of Computer Science, Illinois College, Jacksonville, IL, USA
Abstract
In addition to an introduction to hardware and software concepts, including the concept of compiling, interpreting, and executing a program, this chapter provides an initial skeleton program from which to create subsequent programs. An introduction to variables, constants, assignment statements, arithmetic operations, and simple input/output using the keyboard and monitor is also provided. Further, there is a discussion concerning errors, comments, and program design. A simple complete program is included at the end of the chapter.
1.1 Introduction
As many readers may already know from using applications software such as word processing, a computer system is composed of two major parts: hardware and software . The hardware is the physical computer that includes five basic components: the central processing unit ( CPU ), the random access memory ( RAM ) or just memory for short, input (typically a keyboard), output (typically a monitor), and storage (often a disk) as shown in Fig..
Fig 11 Computer hardware In order for computer hardware to perform it is - photo 1
Fig. 1.1
Computer hardware
In order for computer hardware to perform, it is necessary that it has a software. Essentially, software (often called a program) is the set of instructions that tells the computer what to do and when to do it. A program is typically loaded from storage into the computers RAM for subsequent execution in the computers CPU. As the program executes or runs, it will typically ask the user to input data which will also be stored in RAM, the program will then process the data, and various results will be output to the monitor. This input, process, output sequence is sometimes abbreviated as IPO .
The only type of instruction a computer can actually understand is low-level machine language , where different types of CPUs can have different machine languages. Machine language is made up of ones and zeros, which makes programming in machine language very tedious and error prone. An alternative to using machine language is assembly language which is also a low-level language that uses mnemonics (or abbreviations) and is easier to use than ones and zeros [). Note that there is a one-to-one correspondence between assembly language and machine language, and for every assembly language instruction, there is typically only one machine language instruction. However, even though assembly language is easier to program in than machine language, different types of CPUs can also have different types of assembly languages, so the assembly language of one machine can be different from that of another machine.
Fig 12 Assemblers and compilers The solution to making programming easier - photo 2
Fig. 1.2
Assemblers and compilers
The solution to making programming easier and allow programs to be used on different machines is through the use of high-level languages which are more English-like and math-like. One of the first high-level programming languages was FORTRAN (FORmula TRANslation), which was developed in the early 1950s to help solve mathematical problems. There have been a number of high-level languages developed since that time to meet the needs of many different users. Some of these include COBOL (COmmon Business Oriented Language) developed in the 1950s for the business world, BASIC (Beginners All-purpose Symbolic Instruction Code) developed in the 1960s for beginning programmers, Pascal in the 1970s previously used for teaching computer science students, C in the 1970s for systems programming, and C++ in the 1980s for object-oriented programming.
The program needed to convert or translate a high-level language to a low-level language is either a compiler or an interpreter . Although there is a one-to-one correspondence between assembly language and machine language, there is a one-to-many correspondence between a high-level language and a low-level language. This means that for one high-level language instruction, there can be many low-level assembly or machine language instructions. Even though different CPUs need different compilers or interpreters to convert a particular high-level language into the appropriate machine language, compliers and interpreters allow the same high-level language to be used on different CPUs.
The difference between a compiler and an interpreter is that a compiler will translate the high-level language instructions for the entire program to the corresponding machine language for subsequent execution, whereas an interpreter will translate and then execute each instruction one at a time. Further, a compiler might translate directly to machine language, or it might translate the high-level language to assembly language, and then let an assembler convert the assembly language program to machine language as shown in Fig.. Once the machine language is created, it is subsequently loaded into the computers RAM and executed by the CPU.
As mentioned above, an interpreter works slightly differently than a compiler. Instead of converting an entire high-level program into machine language all at once and then executing the machine language, an interpreter converts one line of the high-level program to machine language and then immediately executes the machine language instructions before proceeding on with the converting and executing of the next high-level instruction (see Fig. ). The result is that compiler-generated code executes faster than interpreted code because the program does not need to be converted each time it is executed. However, interpreters might be more convenient in an education or development environment because of the many modifications that are made to a program which require a program to be converted each time a change is made.
Fig 13 Compilers and interpreters The Java programming language was - photo 3
Fig. 1.3
Compilers and interpreters
The Java programming language was developed at Sun MicroSystems (which is now a subsidiary of Oracle Corporation) and was released in 1995. The intent of the language was for portability on the World Wide Web. It does not contain some of the features of C++ (such as operator overloading and multiple inheritance, where overloading and inheritance will be discussed in . Although no prior programming experience is necessary to learn Java in this text, programmers with experience in C or C++ will recognize a number of similarities between Java and these languages. Conversely, programmers learning Java first will also notice a number of similarities should they subsequently learn C or C++. The reason for this similarity between these languages is that both Java and C++ are based on C.
Java is somewhat unique in that it uses both a compiler and an interpreter to convert the high-level instructions to machine language. A compiler is used to convert the Java instructions into an intermediate-level language known as bytecode , and then the bytecode is converted into machine language using an interpreter. The advantage of using both a compiler and an interpreter is that most of the translation process can be done by the compiler, and when bytecode is sent to different types of machines, it can be translated by an interpreter into the machine language of the particular type of machine the code needs to be run on (see Fig. ). Note that just as there can be a one-to-many relationship between high-level and low-level instructions, there can be a one-to-many relationship between Java and bytecode. However, unlike the one-to-one relationship between assembly language and machine language, there can be a one-to-many relationship between bytecode and machine language, depending on the machine for which the bytecode is being interpreted.
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