Mark A. Prelas - Handbook of Industrial Diamonds and Diamond Films

Cover

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HANDBOOK OF INDUSTRIAL DIAMONDS AND DIAMOND FILMS

edited by
MARK A. PRELAS
University of MissouriColumbia, Columbia, Missouri
GALINA POPOVICI
University of MissouriColumbia, Columbia, Missouri
LOUIS K. BIGELOW
Norton Diamond Film, Northboro, Massachusetts

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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Handbook of industrial diamonds and diamond films / [edited by] Mark A. Prelas,
Galina Popovici, Louis K. Bigelow.
p. cm.
Includes index.
ISBN 0-8247-9994-1 (hardcover: alk. paper)
1. Diamonds. 2. Diamonds, Industrial. 3. Diamond thin filmsIndustrial
applications. 4. Diamonds, ArtificialIndustrial applications. I. Prelas, Mark
Antonio. II. Popovici, Galina. III. Bigelow, Louis.
TA455.C3H6 1997
666.88dc21

The publisher offers discounts on this book when ordered in bulk quantities. For more information, write to Special Sales/Professional Marketing at the address below.

This book is printed on acid-free paper.

Copyright 1998 by MARCEL DEKKER, INC. All Rights Reserved.

Neither this book nor any part may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, microfilming, and recording, or by any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher.

MARCEL DEKKER, INC.
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http://www.dekker.com

Current printing (last digit):
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1

PRINTED IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA

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Diamond is one of the oldest engineering materials. It was first used as an abrasive several thousand years ago. In the last 40 years, the development of synthetic diamond in various forms has fueled a revolution in the use of diamond as an engineering material. The process of high-pressure high-temperature diamond synthesis developed by General Electric in the early 1950s was responsible for stunning growth in the abrasives market. During that time, the worlds consumption of diamond abrasive materials increased from 5 tonnes to 80 tonnes per year.

In 1954, W. Eversole reported the synthesis of diamond by chemical vapor deposition (CVD). Going strictly by the phase diagram of carbon, it was very difficult for many scientists to accept the proposition that diamond could be obtained by chemical vapor deposition. In 1956, Soviet scientists B. V. Spitsyn and B. V. Deryagin filed a patent disclosure covering the growth of a diamond from carbon tetraiodide that set the stage for substantial chemical vapor deposition work in the USSR. In the 1960s J. Angus in the United States duplicated the earlier work of Eversole. Meanwhile, progress was also made in Deryagins laboratory in the USSR. The major breakthrough in the early 1970s on the chemical vapor deposition process was the use of atomic hydrogen during the growth phase. The use of atomic hydrogen was independently pursued by J. Angus and by V. Varnin in the USSR. In 1975, Deryagin announced that a high-growth-rate CVD process had been developed. This announcement was greeted with skepticism by scientists worldwide. In the late 1970s and early 1980s, however, N. Setakas group in Japan also reported high-growth-rate CVD diamond films. These reports motivated the U.S. Department of Defense to increase research funding for CVD diamond in the mid-1980s.

CVD diamond films have since expanded into the markets of electronics, cutting tools, and wear-resistant coatings and have demonstrated other applications in the areas of thermal management, optics, and acoustics. The CVD diamond market is growing broader as new products continue to be developed such as chemical process electrodes and radiation detectors. Additional applications as cold cathode emitters, as high-temperature sensors, and ultimately as semiconductors are also being developed. The impact of diamond on peoples lives, while not always immediately obvious, is definitely becoming increasingly significant.

The purpose of this book is to provide a comprehensive view of diamond as an engineering material. Many of the worlds leading authorities on diamond have contributed overviews of their specific areas of expertise with an emphasis on diamonds role in modern technology and its various applications as an engineering material. The contributors represent ten countries, demonstrating the international importance of diamond as an engineering material.

The text examines mined diamond as well as synthetic diamond. The scope of the book includes the engineering properties of diamond, methods for its characterization, processes used to produce synthetic diamond, its applications and uses in manufacturing, modeling of diamond-related processes, and economics.

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The editors are grateful to the authors for their abundant expertise and their enthusiasm. Many of the authors have made key contributions to the science of diamond films. We thank them for their important research accomplishments, without which there would be no industrial technology of diamond films or emerging diamond film industry.

We thank Andrew Benedicktus for his editorial prowess. We also express appreciation for the contributions of Dr. Li-Te Steven Lin and Dr. Salim Khasawinah.

MAP thanks his family, Rosemary S. Roberts, Natalia, and Alexander, for their patience, and his colleagues in the Particulate Systems Research Center.

GP thanks her parents, Valentina and Nikolai, her sons Alexander and Andrei, and her colleagues in the Nuclear Engineering department at the University of Missouri for their continuous support and encouragement.

LKB thanks his wife Helen and daughter Alicia for their encouragement and the management of Saint Gobain Industrial Ceramics Inc. for their support of his participation in this project.

Mark A. Prelas
Galina Popovici
Louis K. Bigelow

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