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Hoberman Harry M. - Sexual Offending: Predisposing Antecedents, Assessments and Management

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Hoberman Harry M. Sexual Offending: Predisposing Antecedents, Assessments and Management
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An Integrated Theory of Sexual Offending -- Part I: Disorders and Types of Sexual Offending -- Pedophilia -- Hebephilic Sexual Offending -- Rape and Paraphilic Coercive Disorder -- Drug Facilitated Sexual Assault -- Non-Contact Sexual Offenses: Exhibitionism, Voyeurism, Possession of Child Pornography and Interacting with Children Over the Internet -- Hypersexuality Disorder -- Personality, Motivators and Disinhibition in Sexual Offending -- Adolescents Who Have Engaged in Sexually Abusive Behavior: An Overview -- Female Sex Offenders -- Part II: Assessment and Risk Appraisal of Sexual Offenders -- Assessment, Diagnosis and Risk Management of Sexual Offenders with Intellectual Disabilities -- Issues and Methods in Assessment -- Clinical Strategies for Evaluating Sex Offenders -- Structured Psychological Assessment -- Psychophysiological Assessment of Sexual Preferences -- Principles and Practices of Forensic Evaluations of Sexual Offenders -- Conceptual Model of Risk versus Threat and Risk Management versus Risk Reduction -- Risk Factors and Risk Assessments for Sexual Offense Recidivism -- Overview of the Development, Reliability, Validity, Scoring, and Uses of the Static-99, Static-99R, Static-2000, and Static-2002R -- Sex Offender Base Rates of Sexual Recidivism after Controlling for Static-99/R -- The Sex Offender Risk Appraisal Guide (SORAG) -- The Minnesota Sex Offender Screening Tool-3.1 (Mnsost-3.1) -- Structured Risk Assessment -- Beyond Static Risk Assessments? Assessment of Psychologically Meaningful Risk Factors via STABLE-2007 and the SRA: FV -- Assessing Sexual Violence Risk and Evaluating Change with the Violence Risk Scale-Sexual Offender Version -- Structured Professional Judgment: Applications to Sexual Offender Risk Assessment and Management -- Part III: Management and Public Policy Issues Regarding Sexual Offenders -- Models of Sexual Offender Treatment -- Forensic Psychotherapy for Sexual Offenders: Has its Effectiveness Yet Been Demonstrated? -- Forensic Psychotherapy for Sexual Offenders: Likely Factors Contributing to Its Apparent Ineffectiveness -- The Containment Approach: A Strategy for Community Management of Sex Offenders -- Circles of Support & Accountability: The Role of the Community in Effective Sexual Offender Risk Management -- Pharmacotherapy for Sexual Offenders -- Surgical Castration and Sexual Recidivism Risk -- Civil Commitment of Sex Offenders likely to Reoffend -- Prosecutor; Perspective on Sexually Violent Predator Cases -- Sexually Violent Predator Law From the Defense Perspective -- Reconciling Sex Offender Management Policy, Research, and Practice -- An Evidence-Based Perspective on Sex Offender Registration and Residential Restrictions.;This expert reference provides a broad, comprehensive review of the major domains concerning sexual offending. Beginning with a general etiological model of sexual offending, chapters follow addressing the primary predisposing conditions related to sexual offending (e.g. pedophilic, hebephilic, paraphilic rape and non-contact paraphilic disorders, hypersexuality and personality-related factors. In addition, special subgroups of sexual offenders (females, youth and the intellectually disabled) are considered. Both broad and specific perspectives on the assessment of sexual offenders are provided. Several perspectives are offered on so-called clinical evaluations of such offenders, including the central utility of structured psychological assessment approaches. A detailed chapter is provided on the principles and practices regarding the great majority of evaluations of sexual offenders that are actually forensic in nature. Considerable emphasis is focused on scientific risk assessment for sexual offending, including a novel conceptual model of risk and threat assessment. More specifically, each of the primary approaches or instruments developed for the risk assessment of future sexual offending are addressed including the Static risk measures, the Sex Offender Risk Appraisal Guide, forms of Structured Clinical Judgment, and varied measures of dynamic or criminogenic needs assessments. Finally, multiple aspects related to the management of sexual offenders are discussing including contemporary models of psychosocial treatments, the question of effectiveness of such treatments, biological interventions, civil commitment, circles of support and the containment approach to community management. A distinctive feature of this book is that chapters are authored by both prominent international experts and experienced; practicing professionals to best provide a breadth of useful perspective. Among the topics covered: Pedophilic, Hebephilic, Rape Paraphilic Disorders and the variety of Non Contact sexual offending conditions Personality, related conditions, & their association with sexual offending: motivators and disinhibition in context. Disorders of hypersexuality. Assessments of sexual offenders, including the role of psychological testing, clinical & interview approaches, as well as forensic evaluations Conceptual models of risk assessment & discussion of specific static, dynamic & structured clinical risk assessment approaches Models of & reviews of treatment outcome with sexual offenders, including psychotherapy, psychopharmacology and castration, the containment approach, civil commitment & circles of support Overview of public policy issues & an evidence-based perspective on sex offender registration and residential restrictions. This breadth of material in Sexual Offenders will help practitioners gain multiple levels of clinical insight as well as giving them up-to-date practical tools and techniques for working with this problematic class of individuals.

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Springer Science+Business Media New York 2016
Amy Phenix and Harry M. Hoberman (eds.) Sexual Offending 10.1007/978-1-4939-2416-5_1
An Integrated Theory of Sexual Offending
Tony Ward 1
(1)
School of Psychology, Victoria University of Wellington, 600, Wellington, New Zealand
(2)
Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington, New Zealand
(3)
University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
Tony Ward (Corresponding author)
Email:
Anthony Beech
Email:
Keywords
Multifactorial Diverse pathways Comprehensive framework Genetic predispositions Adverse developmental experience Psychological explanations Biological factors Ecological nice factors Neuropsychological factors Motivation/Emotional Perception and memory Action selection and control
Introduction
The empirical and theoretical achievements in the sexual offending field have been considerable, and researchers have formulated a number of rich and insightful accounts of sexual offending (Ward, Polaschek, & Beech, ).
In the spirit of advancing theory construction, we propose that it is timely to present a comprehensive etiological framework that is capable of encompassing the clinical phenomena evident in offenders and all the causal mechanisms asserted by leading theorists. Our aim is to knit together a number of areas said to be causally implicated in the occurrence of sexual abuse into an integrated theory of sexual offending (ITSO). It is a broad etiological framework that arguably has the capacity to inform the construction of more specific theories of particular types of sexual offending (e.g., rape, child sexual abuse). It is important to note here that the research in this area is based on those few sexual offenders who are actually detected and for those offenses that they actually report; there are limitations in this area and so the development of theory in this area is based on only the available information.
In brief, according to the ITSO, sexual abuse occurs as a consequence of a number of a network of causal factors: biological (evolution, genetic variations, and neurobiology), ecological (social and cultural environment, personal circumstances, physical environment), and core neuropsychological systems. The ITSO, we will argue, is able to explain how clinical phenomena observed in sexual offenders arise from the interaction between these diverse sets of factors. It also has the ability to absorb competing theories of sexual offending and to generate new and exciting lines of research.
The Integrated Theory of Sexual Offending
The ITSO has both horizontal and vertical depth and therefore is able to provide a comprehensive framework to account for the development of sexual offending. Horizontal depth refers to the ecological and multisystemic nature of the theory while vertical depth denotes the ability of the ITSO to provide a multilevel analysis of sexual offending. According to our approach [after Pennington ().
Table 1
Neuroscientific account of human behavior
Etiological level
Concerned with the influence of genetic and environmental factors in causing psychopathology
Brain mechanisms
Concerned with the effects of etiological factors on the development of the brain and its subsequent functioning
Neuropsychological analysis
Concerned with the brain-based psychological systems generating human behavior
Symptom level
Concerned with the clinical phenomena thought to characterize the various forms of psychopathology under investigation
Table 2
Factors that converge to cause sexual offending
Biological factors
Influenced by genetic inheritance and brain development
Ecological niche factors
Social, cultural, and personal circumstances, and learning
Neuropsychological factors
The nature of the physical processes associated with the functioning of the brain including motivation, emotions, goals, beliefs, action directed behavior, information processing
We will now systematically outline the ITSO, which is shown in schematic form in Fig..
Fig 1 A schematic representation of the integrated theory of sexual offending - photo 1
Fig. 1
A schematic representation of the integrated theory of sexual offending. The authors would like to thank Elsevier Science for permission to use figure 1, originally published in Ward, T., & Beech, T. (). An integrated theory of sexual offending. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 11, 4463
We propose that there are three sets of factors which converge to cause sexual offending and its associated problems: biological factors (influenced by genetic inheritance and brain development), ecological niche factors (i.e., social, cultural, and personal circumstances-learning), and neuropsychological factors. According to the ITSO, sexual offending occurs through the ongoing convergence of distal and proximal variables, which then interact in a dynamic way. Genetic predispositions and social learning have a significant impact upon brain development and result in the establishment of three interlocking neuropsychological systems (Pennington, ).
We would further argue that genes, social learning, and neuropsychological systems work together to generate the clinical problems evident in offenders, i.e., deviant arousal, offense related thoughts and fantasies, negative/positive emotional states, and social difficulties. These state factors, as shown in Fig. , directly result in sexually abusive actions. The consequences of sexually abusive behavior (on an offender) then act to maintain and entrench the offenders vulnerabilities, and this occurs through the impact of these vulnerabilities on the offenders environment and psychological functioning, i.e., the consequences of sexual offending will function to maintain and/or escalate further sexually deviant actions. This maintenance or escalation is hypothesized to occur through the modification of environmental factors and the reduction or enhancement of the individuals psychological functioning (e.g., their mood, sexual arousal and satisfaction, feelings of powerlessness). For example, an offender might reduce their negative mood state through the use of a maladaptive emotion regulation strategy, such as using coerced sex to regulate their negative mood. The reduction of the negative mood state through the use of this maladaptive strategy is then likely to negatively reinforce the strategy used, while the improvement in mood as a result of these actions will function as a positive reinforcer for the maladaptive strategy. So, the use of coerced sex will be positively reinforced by the improvement in the offenders mood, increasing the likelihood that the offender will repeat this behavior.
Therefore, in our theory brain development (influenced by biological inheritance and genetics) and social learning interact to establish individuals level of psychological functioning. This functioning may be compromised in some way by poor genetic inheritance, biological damage, or developmental adversity to make it difficult for the individual concerned to function in an adaptive manner. This compromised functioning may lead to problematic psychological functioning and subsequent clinical symptomatology. We will now examine each of these areas in more detail.
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