Watson - Health of HIV infected people food, nutrition and lifestyle without antiretroviral drugs 1

1. Tables in Chapter 2
2. Tables in Chapter 4
3. Tables in Chapter 8
4. Tables in Chapter 9
5. Tables in Chapter 12
6. Tables in Chapter 15
7. Tables in Chapter 16
8. Tables in Chapter 18
9. Tables in Chapter 19
10. Tables in Chapter 23
11. Tables in Chapter 24
12. Tables in Chapter 25
13. Tables in Chapter 27

1. Figures in Chapter 1
2. Figures in Chapter 7
3. Figures in Chapter 8
4. Figures in Chapter 9
5. Figures in Chapter 10
6. Figures in Chapter 12
7. Figures in Chapter 13
8. Figures in Chapter 16
9. Figures in Chapter 20
10. Figures in Chapter 21
11. Figures in Chapter 23
12. Figures in Chapter 24
13. Figures in Chapter 25
14. Figures in Chapter 28

Volume I

Edited by

Ronald Ross Watson

University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA

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As the human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immune deficiency syndrome (HIV/AIDS) epidemic was first recognized in the 1980s and 1990s outside of Africa, there was great concern about the lack of a cure or effective therapy.

People have historically used dietary plants, herbal extracts, and nutrients as potential therapies for incurable diseases. Thus, people used these substances also for the management of AIDS to compensate for physical changes such as wasting and nutritional deficiencies caused by the retroviral infection. Treatment of nutritional problems could compensate for some of the effects of the retroviral infection. Each plant has about 10,000 different chemical entities. Many have been used as therapy for different diseases and may reduce the burden of HIV infection.

With the advent of various retroviral therapies, the lifespan of people with HIV has been dramatically extended, although a cure for the infection still has not been found. Many consequences of AIDS such as severe wasting have been delayed or prevented with the new therapies. Importantly, body mass changes due to alterations in metabolism are caused by antiretroviral therapy (ART). These include accumulation of fat and energy loss. People continue to search for methods within their control such as dietary plants, herbal extracts, and nutrients as potential therapies, to cope with the adverse effects of ART. The authors of Volume 1 have reviewed the literature and have provided data relating to the benefits and consequences of combining dietary changes with ART in search for better outcomes than that of either approach alone.

Section I: Food and Overview. Maharaj reviews the role of exercise in the rehabilitation of subjects with HIV; exercise is something that most patients treated with HAART can manage. Hejazi and Rajikan describe the effects of HIV infection on the metabolism of patients during and prior to ART. This analysis is important to understand the effects of therapy on metabolism. Paul and Watson review the effects of various fats on the physical and metabolic changes that occur during ART as well as the associated physical changes. Wcislo reviews the risks associated with various foods, in particular, mycotoxins and the cancers increasingly associated with AIDS. Singh and Watson review fatty acids, especially omega-3 fatty acids, which increasingly are associated with beneficial effects in the general population. Finally, in this section, Lawson and Watson evaluate the effects of nutrients known to modulate inflammation in people with on HAART.

Section II: Nutrition and Lifestyle. Ellis begins by describing a self-management plan to define nutritional needs. Talluri, Prabhala, and Prabhala carefully define the effects of nutrients on HIV infection. Sheikh, Wynn, and Chakraborty review the historical effects of foods and nutrients on children before ART as well as during HAART. Three groups review different aspects of vitamin D, a critical nutrient increasingly recognized as deficient even in many people not infected by HIV. First, Jimnez, Lzaro, Ochoa, and Aparicio review the immunomodulatory and extraskeletal effects of vitamin D in HIV infection. In particular, they focus on the prevalence, risk factors, and effects of HAART. Gandhi, Psevdos, and Felix document the overall effects of vitamin D on HIV infection. Griffin describes the effects of HIV infection on vitamin D status, which is critical, as the health of people with HIV can be dramatically affected by vitamin D levels. Aidala and her large team describe food as a medicine, using the Ryan White food and nutrition program in the United States as a model for comprehensive food and nutritional services for those treated with HAART. Almeida and dos Santos describe the effects of food on CD4 T cells infected by HIV.