Childhood in World History
Childhood exists in all societies, though there is huge variation in the way it is socially constructed across time and place. Studying childhood historically greatly advances our understanding of what childhood is about, while a world history focus permits some of the broadest questions to be asked, given the universal experience of childhood.
In Childhood in World History Peter N. Stearns focuses on childhood in several ways:
childhood across change the shift from hunting and gathering to an agricultural society and the impact of civilization and the emergence of major religions
new and old debates about the distinctive features of Western childhood, including child labor
the emergence of a modern, industrial pattern of childhood in the West, Japan and communist societies, including a focus on education and economic dependence
globalization and the spread of child-centered consumerism.
This historical perspective highlights the gains but also the divisions and losses for children across the millennia.
Peter N. Stearns is Provost and Professor of History at George Mason University. He is author of Gender in World History (2000), Consumerism in World History (2001) and Western Civilization in World History (2003) all in this series. His other recent publications include The Global Experience (2005) and World History in Brief (2004).
Themes in World History
Series editor: Peter N. Stearns
The Themes in World History series offers focused treatment of a range of human experiences and institutions in the world history context. The purpose is to provide serious, if brief, discussions of important topics as additions to textbook coverage and document collections. The treatments will allow students to probe particular facets of the human story in greater depth than textbook coverage allows, and to gain a fuller sense of historians analytical methods and debates in the process. Each topic is handled over time allowing discussions of changes and continuities. Each topic is assessed in terms of a range of different societies and religions allowing comparisons of relevant similarities and differences. Each book in the series helps readers deal with world history in action, evaluating global contexts as they work through some of the key components of human society and human life.
Gender in World History
Peter N. Stearns
Consumerism in World History
Peter N. Stearns
Warfare in World History
Michael S. Neiberg
Disease and Medicine in World History
Sheldon Watts
Western Civilization in World History
Peter N. Stearns
The Indian Ocean in World History
Milo Kearney
Asian Democracy in World History
Alan T. Wood
Revolutions in World History
Michael D. Richards
Migration in World History
Patrick Manning
Sports in World History
David G. McComb
The United States in World History
Edward J. Davies II
Food in World History
Jeffrey M. Pilcher
Alcohol in World History
Gina Hames
Religion in World History
John Super and Briane Turley
Childhood in World History
Peter N. Stearns
NEW YORK AND LONDON
First published 2006 by Routledge
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Simultaneously published in the UK by Routledge
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Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group
This edition published in the Taylor & Francis e-Library, 2006.
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2006 Peter N. Stearns
All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers.
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Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data
Stearns, Peter N.
Childhood in world history / Peter N. Stearns.
p. cm. (Themes in world history)
ISBN 0415352320 (hardback) ISBN 0415352339 (pbk.)
1. ChildrenHistory. 2. ChildrenSocial conditions. I. Title. II. Series.
HQ767 87.S73 2005
305.2309dc22 2005009710
British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library
ISBN 0-203-69893-2 Master e-book ISBN
ISBN13: 978-0-203-69893-8 Master e-book ISBN
ISBN13: 978-1-134-26260-1 ePub ISBN
ISBN 0-415-35232-0 (hbk)
ISBN 0-415-35233-9 (pbk)
For Mary H., with love
Contents
Preface
I discussed the possibility of a contribution to the Themes in World History series on childhood several years ago, but the challenge initially loomed large. The subject is huge, and there remain big gaps in available historical knowledge. The importance of childhood as part of the human experience, and therefore of history, made it impossible, however, to abandon the goal. I owe huge debts to many scholars, most of whom I dont know personally, for the pioneering work that ultimately made this book possible. In terms of people I do know, Bruce Mazlish, Raymond Grew, Ben Carton, Paula Fass, and Wolf Schaefer, and the work they have encouraged on childhood and globalization, have contributed very directly; I also thank the several other historians and anthropologists who participated in a related conference here at George Mason University. Two readers, Paula Fass and Colin Heywood, provided very helpful suggestions. Joan Fragaszy and Earnie Porta generated extensive research assistance, and their efforts were both diligent and imaginative. Debbie Williams as usual went beyond the call of duty in preparing the manuscript. My thanks also to Vicky Peters, of Routledge, who has done so much for this book and for the Routledge series.
I had a deep desire for children of my own at least as early as high school (though I didnt start the process immediately). I have never been disappointed in the experience, so I thank my four children for what they have contributed to my life and, in various ways, to this book; and a new grandson reminds me again of how interesting all the stages of childhood can be.
Chapter 1
Introduction
Childhood in world history
All societies throughout human history, and most families, have dealt extensively with childhood and children. There are many standard features, regardless of time or place. Always and everywhere, children must be given some training to prepare for adulthood. They must learn to deal with certain emotions, such as anger or fear, in ways that are socially acceptable. Always and everywhere, given the long period of helplessness of the human species in infancy, young children require arrangements for feeding and physical care. Childhood diseases, or trying to prevent them, as well as possible accidents are preoccupations of parents from the earliest times to the present. Some kind of socialization for gender roles seems an inescapable part of the process of dealing with childhood, even in the most egalitarian contemporary settings. The list of common basic features is a long one.
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