Cascarini Luke - Oxford Handbook of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery

The GCS assesses the level of consciousness by scoring three aspects of the patients response and adding up the scores to reach a final score.

Record GCS in shorthand showing its component parts (for example, GCS 10/15 (E3, V2, M5) means that the patient opens eyes to verbal commands, speaks incomprehensible sounds, localizes a painful stimulus). Similarly, when communicating with other health professionals describe the total score (GCS) and list its components.

Unconsciousness is generally taken to mean no eye response and GCS 8.

Abnormal flexion implies decorticate rigidity; and abnormal extension fimplies decerebrate rigidity.

An approximate idea of visual acuity can be obtained by reading this at arms length, though formal acuity documentation requires conventional Snellen chart testing. Reproduced from Denniston and Philip (2009), Oxford Handbook of Ophthalmology 2e, p. 4. With permission from Oxford University Press.

Published and forthcoming Oxford Handbooks

Oxford Handbook for the Foundation Programme 4e

Oxford Handbook of Acute Medicine 3e

Oxford Handbook of Anaesthesia 4e

Oxford Handbook of Applied Dental Sciences

Oxford Handbook of Cardiology 2e

Oxford Handbook of Clinical and Healthcare Research

Oxford Handbook of Clinical and Laboratory Investigation 3e

Oxford Handbook of Clinical Dentistry 6e

Oxford Handbook of Clinical Diagnosis 3e

Oxford Handbook of Clinical Examination and Practical Skills 2e

Oxford Handbook of Clinical Haematology 4e

Oxford Handbook of Clinical Immunology and Allergy 3e

Oxford Handbook of Clinical Medicine Mini Edition 9e

Oxford Handbook of Clinical Medicine 9e

Oxford Handbook of Clinical Pathology

Oxford Handbook of Clinical Pharmacy 2e

Oxford Handbook of Clinical Rehabilitation 2e

Oxford Handbook of Clinical Specialties 9e

Oxford Handbook of Clinical Surgery 4e

Oxford Handbook of Complementary Medicine

Oxford Handbook of Critical Care 3e

Oxford Handbook of Dental Patient Care

Oxford Handbook of Dialysis 4e

Oxford Handbook of Emergency Medicine 4e

Oxford Handbook of Endocrinology and Diabetes 3e

Oxford Handbook of ENT and Head and Neck Surgery 2e

Oxford Handbook of Epidemiology for Clinicians

Oxford Handbook of Expedition and Wilderness Medicine 2e

Oxford Handbook of Forensic Medicine

Oxford Handbook of Gastroenterology & Hepatology 2e

Oxford Handbook of General Practice 4e

Oxford Handbook of Genetics

Oxford Handbook of Genitourinary Medicine, HIV and AIDS 2e

Oxford Handbook of Geriatric Medicine 2e

Oxford Handbook of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology

Oxford Handbook of Key Clinical Evidence

Oxford Handbook of Medical Dermatology 2e

Oxford Handbook of Medical Imaging

Oxford Handbook of Medical Sciences 2e

Oxford Handbook of Medical Statistics

Oxford Handbook of Neonatology

Oxford Handbook of Nephrology and Hypertension 2e

Oxford Handbook of Neurology 2e

Oxford Handbook of Nutrition and Dietetics 2e

Oxford Handbook of Obstetrics and Gynaecology 3e

Oxford Handbook of Occupational Health 2e

Oxford Handbook of Oncology 3e

Oxford Handbook of Ophthalmology 3e

Oxford Handbook of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery

Oxford Handbook of Orthopaedics and Trauma

Oxford Handbook of Paediatrics 2e

Oxford Handbook of Pain Management

Oxford Handbook of Palliative Care 2e

Oxford Handbook of Practical Drug Therapy 2e

Oxford Handbook of Pre-Hospital Care

Oxford Handbook of Psychiatry 3e

Oxford Handbook of Public Health Practice 3e

Oxford Handbook of Reproductive Medicine & Family Planning 2e

Oxford Handbook of Respiratory Medicine 3e

Oxford Handbook of Rheumatology 3e

Oxford Handbook of Sport and Exercise Medicine 2e

Handbook of Surgical Consent

Oxford Handbook of Tropical Medicine 4e

Oxford Handbook of Urology 3e

Great Clarendon Street, Oxford, OX2 6DP, United Kingdom

Oxford University Press is a department of the University of Oxford.

It furthers the Universitys objective of excellence in research, scholarship, and education by publishing worldwide. Oxford is a registered trade mark of Oxford University Press in the UK and in certain other countries

Oxford University Press 2018

The moral rights of the authors have been asserted

First published in 2011

Second Edition published in 2018

Impression: 1

All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, without the prior permission in writing of Oxford University Press, or as expressly permitted by law, by licence or under terms agreed with the appropriate reprographics rights organization. Enquiries concerning reproduction outside the scope of the above should be sent to the Rights Department, Oxford University Press, at the address above

You must not circulate this work in any other form and you must impose this same condition on any acquirer

Published in the United States of America by Oxford University Press

198 Madison Avenue, New York, NY 10016, United States of America

British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data

Data available

Library of Congress Control Number: 2017958152

ISBN 9780198767817

eISBN 9780191080425

Oxford University Press makes no representation, express or implied, that the drug dosages in this book are correct. Readers must therefore always check the product information and clinical procedures with the most up-to-date published product information and data sheets provided by the manufacturers and the most recent codes of conduct and safety regulations. The authors and the publishers do not accept responsibility or legal liability for any errors in the text or for the misuse or misapplication of material in this work. Except where otherwise stated, drug dosages and recommendations are for the non-pregnant adult who is not breast-feeding

Links to third party websites are provided by Oxford in good faith and for information only. Oxford disclaims any responsibility for the materials contained in any third party website referenced in this work.