Gilda Nissenberg - Complete Spanish Grammar

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Practice Makes Perfect: Complete Spanish Grammar is designed as a tool for review and advancement in the language for the advanced beginner and intermediate learner of Spanish. Practice Makes Perfect: Complete Spanish Grammar is designed as a tool for review and advancement in the language for the advanced beginner and intermediate learner of Spanish.

In each unit, clear grammar explanations include comparisons with English grammar followed by practical examples and exercises that provide ample practice of the material and appropriate, useful vocabulary. Instructions for the exercises are typically in Spanish to prepare the learner to anticipate the task that follows while practicing vocabulary in context. The variety of exercises suits different learning styles and includes open-ended exercises to encourage the learner to produce creative answers and increase confidence in using Spanish for daily communication. Each unit can be studied independently to suit individual needs in a specific area and to provide opportunities to learn and review Spanish grammar for those who need additional practice at the high school or college level or for those wishing to continue to learn Spanish. Learning another language requires dedication, time, and, ultimately, frequent practice. Using what the students already know, making connections with their first language, and building on that base strengthen the foundation on which to advance their learning.

For this reason, the vocabulary selected includes numerous cognates of English words, giving the advanced beginner and intermediate learners ample opportunities to reinforce what they already know while advancing their knowledge of Spanish. New vocabulary is incorporated within the exercises or is highlighted in boxes. The glossaries include words appropriate to this level of learner and make it easy to quickly review or learn new vocabulary. Finally, the Verb tables serve as a quick grammar reference. This Premium Fourth Edition is enhanced with digital resources via app and online: audio recordings of the answers to hundreds of exercises, flash cards of all vocabulary lists in the book, and an auto-fill glossary for quick reference.

Before studying the present tense of Spanish verbs, lets review some grammatical terms you will find in the units related to verbs.

To conjugate a verb in the present tense or in any other tense, you will need the root of the verb and the particular ending that expresses information about the action you wish to communicate. You will find the root (or radical) of the verb in its infinitive form. It is easy to spot an infinitive in English because it is preceded by the word to: to shop, to learn, to receive, etc. Infinitives in Spanish are not preceded by a particular word but can be recognized by one of three endings: -ar, -er, or -ir. The infinitive endings are attached to the root of the verb: habl + ar, beb + er, decid + ir. The three groups of infinitives are called the first, second, and third conjugation, respectively.

To conjugate a verb in Spanish, drop the -ar, -er, or -ir and replace it with the corresponding ending that agrees with the subject doing the action. Because conjugation endings tell who the subject is, subject pronouns in Spanish are usually omitted. The -