Ivan Illich - Gender

The footnotes have been composed for my students in a course at Berkeley in Fall 1982, and for those who want to use the text as a guide for independent study. Each titledfootnote is meant as a reading assignment, as a tangent to the text, as a doorway to further research. Generally, I selected books I would like to discuss with my students, and starred a few that are of more general interest. Some items I included mainly because of the bibliography they contain, or for the guidance they provide to the history, the present status of research, and the controversy on the issue. These footnotes are not meant to prove but to illustrate and qualify my arguments ; they are marginal glosses written in counterpoint to the text, outlines of my lectures to students who have prepared themselves by reading this book. The notes relate to the text as formerly questionsdisputatae related to the summa.

1. Vernacular Values

2. Key Words

3. Word Fields

4. The Human

5. Genderless Individualism

6. Invidious Individualism

7. Sex and Sexism

8. Environmental Degradation

9. Counterproductivity

10. The Recovery of the Commons

11. Scarcity

12. Duality

13. Work and Sex

14. The Widening Wage Gap

15. Statistics on Discrimination

16. Egalitarian Rituals

17. Women and Law

18. Women in Socialist Countries

19. Women and Recession

20. Sexist Rape

21. Patriarchy and Sexism

22. Reproduction

23. The Unreported Economy

24/25. The IRS Confused

26. Under-reporting: Economic Versus Political

27. New Home Economics

28. Illegitimate Unemployment

29. Disintermediation

30. Shadow Work

31. Housework

32. The Housewife

33. Economic Anthropology

34. Mystification of Shadow Work

35. The Valium Economy

36. Household Machinery

37/42. Unpaid Work

43. The Self-Service Economy

44. Discrimination in Self-Help

45. Womens Studies

46. Stereoscopic Science

47. Modernization of Poverty

48. Women and Economic Development

49. Development of International Housework

50. Wrecked Singles

51. Vernacular

52. Complementarity and Social Science

53. Right and Left

54. Sexism: Moral and Epistemological

55. Yin and Yang

56. Metaphors for the Other

57. Ambiguous Complementarity

58. Socio-Biological Mythology

59. Animal Sociology

60. The Racist and the Professional

61. Role

62. Social Morphology

63/64. Sex Role

65. Victorian Feminism

66. Sex and Temperament

67. Role Complementarity

68. Feminine Subordination

69. The Gender Divide

70. Tools and Gender

71. Division of Labor

72. The Elite and Gender

73. Rent and Gender

74. Trade and Gender

75. Craft and Gender

76. Structuralism

77. Economic Wedlock

78. Milieu and Domain

79. Space/Time

80. The Sexed Body

81. Rough Music

82. Probity

83. Gossip

84. Asymmetric Dominance

85. The Subject of History

86. Housing and Dwelling

87. From the Delivery of the Mother to the Delivery of the Child

88/89. Asymmetry of the Symbolic Universe

90. Nature/Culture

91. Anthropology

92/93. Sex Difference in Language

94. Complementarity in Speech

95. Womens Language

96. Subordination in Speech

97. Role in Speech and Role in Language

98/102. Gendered Speech vs. Sexist Language

103/104. Anastomosis

105. Disregard for Gender in Calamity

106. Intrusion into the Other Domain

107. Political Defiance of Gender

108. Mocking Sanctions

109. The Language of Travesty

110. The History of the Heterosexual

111. Sodomy and Heresy

112. Care: Professional and Clerical

113. Alma Mater

114. Sin

115. Conscience

116. The Madonna

117. Religiosity

118. The Devil

119. The Witch

120. The Civilization of Broken Gender

121. Family History

122. Capitalism

123. The Industrial Revolution

124. The Loss of Rural Gender

125. The Proto-Industrial Interstice

T he break with the past, which has been described by others as the transition to a capitalist mode of production, I describe here as the transition from the aegis of gender to the regime of sex. In this book I sum up the position I reached in a conversation with Barbara Duden, and which grew out of a controversy between us. Originally, the issue was the economic and anthropological status of nineteenth-century housework. I have dealt with this in ShadowWork. with Lee Hoinacki was of a different kind. As at other times during the last two decades, we met to report to each other on what we had learned during the past year. We spent two weeks on his homestead and he reviewed my draft. While discussing and writing with him there and, later on, in Berlin, my text took on a new shape. Our conversations were frequently interrupted by laughter and the expressed desire that the reader come to share the pleasure we found in writing. I cannot say who finally turned any given phrase the way it now stands. Without his collaboration, I certainly would not have written this text.

In this book I have taken up the substance of several lectures that were part of my course on the social history of the twelfth century when I was a guest professor at the University of Kassel (19791981). I remember with gratitude Ernst Ulrich von Weizscker , Heinrich Dauber, and my students for their patient and courageous criticism.

I especially want to thank several people for what they have contributed through their conversations with me. Norma Swenson made me recognize the main weakness of MedicalNemesis, published in 1975: its unisex perspective. The reflections of Claudia von Werlhof on the blind angle of economicperception led me to distinguish its two faces, the shadow economy and the vernacular domain, both equally neglected but not equally denied. The distinction between vernacular and industrial topology on which I build I owe to Sigmar Groeneveld. Conversations with Ludolf Kuchenbuch have led me to new insights on the history of the conjugal couple. I have received invaluable encouragement from my old friends Ruth and Lenz Kriss-Rettenbeck (both ethnographers and art historians), with whom I share several teachers in the period between Hugo of St. Victor and Gustav Knstler. Part of my research was done while a fellow at the Institute for Advanced Studies in Berlin. Susan Hunt worked with me on this manuscript while preparing her reader on gender and sex, now available from Rt. 3, Box 650, Dexter, ME 04930, USA.

I dedicate this book to Joseph Fitzpatrick, S.J., on his seventieth birthday. For thirty years he has tried to teach me sociology.

Cuernavaca, 1982

VERNACULAR VALUES

Under the title ShadowWork (Boston and London: Marion Boyars, Inc., 1981, US Distributor: The Scribner Book Companies, Inc.) I have published five essays, of which the second and the third deal with the contrast between vernacualr language and taught mother tongue. These essays are the result of long conversations with Professor D. P. Pattanayak, while I was studying under his guidance at the Central Institute of Indian Languages , Manasagangotri, Mysore 570006, India. For background, see Devi Prassad Pattanayak, AspectsofAppliedLinguistics (New York: Asia Publishing House, 1981). For further research on this distinction, request the proceedings of the International Seminar In Search of Terminology (January 1982) from the above address. My two papers will become chapters of a book to be called