Erica Joslyn 2016
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Introduction
The concept of resilience has been a topic of scholarly discussion for several decades. In recent years, interest in this matter has grown considerably, alongside a growing awareness of its importance in terms of developing useful, effective social policies and the promotion of behaviours and actions on the part of parents, teachers, social workers and others, that can all facilitate the development of qualities of resilience in the growing child and adolescent and, by extension, in communities and society at large.
Because resilience is a broad issue, with effects and impacts at every level of society, it is interdisciplinary by its very nature; as a result of this and of the innate complexity of the subject, arriving at a generally held understanding of precisely what resilience is can be a challenge. The water is further muddied by the use, in general discourse, of terms that can overlap in meaning with resilience while not conveying precisely the same implications terms such as well-being, successful, and adaptability. Although all these can be useful terms to discuss an individuals personal situation, none carries exactly the same meaning or weight as resilience.
Yet the meaning of the term resilience is not straightforward; it is commonly used to describe a variety of positive attributes and successes, and it may be used slightly differently in ordinary conversation as opposed to academic discourse. Resilience in this text draws on a number of interpretations of the concept, for example, resilience is accepted as a description of a collection of characteristics that young people or adults may exhibit despite having experienced significant disadvantage in their earlier years. In this sense, resilience refers to better than expected emotional and developmental outcomes, such as the child who grows up to have a successful life despite experiencing deprivation and violence in his or her early years.
Resilience is also used to refer to children and young people having high levels of competence even when they have been exposed to high levels of stress when dealing with threats to their well-being, such as the young person who emerges from a war-torn society, doing relatively well. In addition, resilience is accepted as positive functioning indicating recovery from trauma, such as in the case of the person who recovers well from an event such as assault, abuse or serious illness.
In contrast, when children and adolescents do not display the skills and attributes of resilience during their childhood, there is an expectation that, should they encounter difficult life circumstances, they could develop psychosocial problems ranging from academic difficulties to self-destructive behaviour. Children and young people with low levels of resilience who are living in difficult circumstances are judged to be at risk of developing destructive or otherwise maladaptive behaviours leading to more negative lifestyles.
Whether one understands resilience as positive developmental outcomes, a set of competencies or coping strategies, the presence of resilience is associated with positive functioning and positive lifestyles for children, young people and their families. Despite these similarities, the detail of how resilience is manifested and how it can be fostered is often a matter for debate.
This text is designed to dissect, disassemble and examine the components and elements that underpin the contemporary understanding of resilience as a priority human asset. This text explores its foundations, meanings and conditions as well as practical approaches. It arises from a real consideration of resilience as an essential human asset and deconstructs the origins and foundations of our views on resilience, including its characterisation and theoretical perspectives as well as its significance in practice and policy. We explore the input of some of the earliest scholars and researchers working in this area and look at how their work has led to our current understanding and situation.
Today, understanding and knowing how to apply a working knowledge of resilience is essential in a wide range of arenas. Professionals as diverse as doctors, nurses, teachers, social workers, child care workers, psychologists, psychiatrists, economists, city planners, politicians, sports coaches and more can best serve their public when they understand what resilience is, why it is important and how they can contribute to fostering it. However, acquiring this knowledge and understanding is far from straightforward.
The complexity of resilience as a modern construct can be demonstrated by the range of disciplines and perspectives currently involved in the study of resilience psychopathology, positive psychology, sociology and its branches such as socioecology, neuroscience and physiology. One of the commonly shared perceptions from across these many disciplines is the importance of building resilience in children and young people.
One of the key findings emerging from a range of multidisciplinary research is the importance of childhood, including the extremes of very early infancy and late adolescence, for laying foundations for the characteristics and attributes of resilience to be able to flourish. The formative years of childhood and adolescence are seen as the seedbed for building skills, attributes and attitudes that will echo into resilience in later life. In effect, for childhood and adolescence, resilience is as much a promise as it can be a reality.